Professional-related EngineeringUnit 3 Water legislation 水立法Professional-related EngineeringlWater is a primary natural resource, in the sense of being necessary for human existence and frequently in short supply.lnatural resource 自然资源lin short supply 供应不足l从人类生存的需要和经常性地缺乏来考虑，水是一类基 本的自然资源。Professional-related EngineeringlIn order to be useful to people, a natural resource must be available in adequate quantity, in appropriate quality, in the right place, at the right time, and at reasonable cost. lIn order to 为了lbe useful to 对有用l为了对人类是有用的，自然资源必须是数量足够、质量适 当、地点和时间恰当、费用合理。Professional-related EngineeringlWater resource management is the maximization of as many of these variables as possible in response to demands frequently, conflicting demandsfor water. las as possible 尽可能l in response to 响应，适应l水资源管理就是在各种情况下，最大程度地满足用水量需求 通常是相互矛盾的需求。Professional-related Engineeringl Water resource policy consists of those public decisions, and the criteria on which they are made, that affect water resource management. lconsists of 由组成lpublic decisions 公众决议lThey 指代public decisionsl水资源政策由公众决议和标准法规组成，而这些标准法规 是公众决议的依据，同时影响水资源管理。Professional-related EngineeringlLaw is one means of formulating and effectuating water resource policy.l法律是阐述和实行水资源政策的一种手段。1. Water Law 水法lMost writes on water law declare that “water law is the creation, allocation, and administration of water rights.” l在绝大多数的水法中都声称，水法引发出水权，并对水 权进行分配和管理。Professional-related EngineeringlBut this is an inaccurate, unproductive definition based on the artificial dichotomy between water quantity and quality. lbased on 以为基础l但它以对水量和水质的人为割裂为基础，是一个不确切、 没有价值的定义。Professional-related EngineeringlTraditionally, the general term “water law” has been synonymous with legal rights to particular amounts of water, especially in the American West. l习惯上，就详细的水量来讲，通用术语“水法”和水权是同 义语，特别是在美国西部。Professional-related EngineeringlCasebooks and commentaries on water law frequently also discuss matters related to water quantity, such as federal water resource development and public recreational access and use. lrelated to 与相关l关于水权的个案记录和注释也经常讨论和水量有关的事件 ，如联邦水资源开发和公共娱乐用水。Professional-related EngineeringlHowever, the law of water quality is almost always omitted from, or given short shrift by, these books. lto give short shrift 不理会，忽视，轻视 l然而，这些书对于水质方面的法几乎总是省略或轻视。Professional-related EngineeringlFor example, a recently published casebook entitled Legal Control of Water Resources devotes only 50 desultory pages of its 934 total pages to various aspects of water pollution control laws.l例如，最近公开的一个题为“水资源的立法控制”案例记录， 总共有934页，其中只有断断续续的50页涉及到水污染控制 法的各个方面。 Professional-related EngineeringlA modern concise commentary on water law dispenses with water pollution in seven pages.ldispenses with 免除，省却l现今的对于水法的简要注释中省略了有关水污染的7页内 容。Professional-related EngineeringlIndeed, “water quality law” is typically viewed as a distinct field of law, separate （ separated?） from “water law”. l的确，“水质法”被看作一个有明确领域的立法，从水法中 分离出来。lIn other words, the particular term “water quantity law” has swallowed the general term “water law”. l换句话说，专用术语“水质法”已经取代了通用术语“水法” 。Professional-related EngineeringlThis use of terminology is obsolete（主句） in an era when we recognize the need for comprehensive water resource management （定语从句，修饰era ） characterized by the interrelating of hitherto disparate categories such as water quantity and quality（分词短 语，修饰management ）.l在人们已经认识到需要将水量、水质等迄今为止认识到的各 类相关因素统筹起来规划水资源管理的时候，这种术语的使 用实在陈腐。Professional-related EngineeringlNowadays, water law should encompass the legal aspects of all water uses. l今天，水法应当包含与所有使用水相关的立法。Professional-related EngineeringlLike most fields of law, “water law” defies precise definition.l象大多数法律的适用范围一样，“水法”没有准确的定义。l It over-laps other legal fields such as environmental law, natural resources law, property law, tort law, public land law, and land use law. l它与其它的一些法律（如环境法、自然资源法、财产法、 民法、公共土地法和土地利用法）相互交迭。Professional-related EngineeringlNevertheless, “water law” is loosely defined here as those aspects of law that are of primary concern in the management of water resources. lbe definedas 被定义为l尽管如此，这里还是泛泛地将“水法”定义为：关于水 资源管理基本问题的立法.Professional-related EngineeringlFor analytical purposes, the field is subdivided as follows（如下）: l为了便于分析，将其进一步细分如下： (1) the law of water diversion and distribution; 有关输送水和配水的立法； (2) the law of water resource development and protection;有关水资源开发和保护的立法； (3) the law of nontransformational uses;有关水不可替代转换的使用价值的立法； (4) the law of water treatment; 有关水处理的立法； and (5) the law of water-related land use.与水相关的土地利用方面的立法。 Professional-related EngineeringlWherever possible, relationships among these subdivisions will be elicited.l无论什么情况下，只要可能，都将寻求这些组成部分之 间的关联。2. Water Light（水权）lWater law deals with water rights of various kinds.ldeal with 涉及，处理，安排l水法涉及到各种各样的水权。 lA legal right is a legally enforceable expectationthe assurance that an activity will be protected by the legal system.l合法的权利是指从法律上给予保障，即这种行动将受 到法律的保护。P