Ten Language Differences between English and ChineselLecture four l（一） 英语重形合（Hypotaxis），汉语重意合 (Parataxis) l（二） 英语前重心，汉语后重心l（三） 英语静态语言（Static），汉语动态语言 (Dynamic)l（四） 英语重物称（Impersonal），汉语重人称 (Personal)l（五） 英语多被动（Passive），汉语多主动 (Active)l（六） 英语重短语，汉语轻短语l（七） 英语重时体，汉语轻时体l（八） 英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句l（九） 英语重后饰，汉语重前饰l（十） 英语重形态，汉语轻形态形合与意合l“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（ 包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连 接；l“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段 而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它 们之间的连接。l前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion)，后者 注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。 l一个英国人，不会说中文，有一次在中国旅行。lThere was an English man. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China.l An English man who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in china.l 画 - 王维 远看山有色,近听水无声。l春去花还在,人来鸟不惊。Looked from afar, the mountains are greenand clear;Listened at nearside, the streams sound quiet and silent.The flowers remain in bloom thoughspring has gone;The birds are not frightened at human being s approach.l 赠汪伦-李白l李白乘舟将欲行，忽闻岸上踏歌来。l桃花潭水深千尺， 不及汪伦送我情。lTo WanglunlI, Libai, sit in a boat about to go,l When suddenly on shore your farewell sons overflow.lHowever deep the Lake of Peach Blossoms may be,l Its not so deep, O Wanglun, as your love for me.1) 隐含条件从句的汉语意合句 l早知今日，何必当初。lIf I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.l把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交账？lIf the child catches a chill, what are we going to say to its mother?l话不投机半句多lWhen the conversation get disagreeable, lto say one word more is a waste of breath.2) 隐含时间从句的汉语意合句 l他老是见异思迁。lHe is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new.l他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。lHe has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago.3) 隐含结果从句的汉语意合句 l他说的太快，我们不能理解他的意思。lHe spoke so fast that we couldnt understand his meaning.l天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。lIt was so cold that the river froze.4) 隐含原因从句的汉语意合句 l我只见到他的背影，认不清他是谁。lI couldnt make out who he was as I only saw his back.l地面潮湿，一定是下雨了。lIt must have rained since the ground is wet.5) 隐含递进从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句l汤姆干了这件事，干得非常成功。lTom did it, and did it very successfully.l他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。lThey not only overcame the effects of the natural adversity but won a bumper harvest.6) 隐含转折从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句l江山易改，本性难移。lIt is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature.l他起初同意了，过后又后悔了。lAt first, he agreed, but later he backed out.7) 隐含对比从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句l上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。lShanghai was once paradise for the adventurers but hell for the working people.l总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。lIn a word, the prospects are bright while the road has twists and turns.8) 隐含动作连续关系的汉语意合句 l他于1902年离校，去伦敦生活。lHe left school in 1902, and went to live in London.l医生从木乃伊上切下一块切片，送到实验室。lThe doctor removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a lab.汉语形合句与意合句之异l表达达意方面：形合是明示，意合是隐含。 前者具有更加明显的强调意味。lIf you tell me all about it, I shall be able to decide.lA) 如果你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定了 。lB)你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定了。l语体方面：形合庄重，意合随便lHe had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever.l让他一个人留在房间总共不过两分钟，当我们 再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静的睡 着了-但已经永远睡着了。lEngles speech at the graveside of Marxl庄重语体的悼词lIt was quite late when we got back, nearly seven o clock in the evening.l我们到家已经很晚，快晚上七点了。l幽默小品故事“How we kept mothers day”出自一个少年之手， 行文诙谐幽默，富有生活气息。英语重形合，不乏意合手段l英语意合手段：l1） 非人称主语句l音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。lPoor acoustics spoilt the performance.lThe good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.l捷报传来，举国欢腾。2） 祈使句+andlTake a wide view, and you will see it differently.l把眼光放宽点，你就不会这样看了。3） 片语句lA fall in the pit, a gain in your wit.l吃一堑，长一智。lFirst time stranger, second time friends. l一回生，二回熟。lA little of everything and nothing at all.l样样皆通,样样不通./如果什么事情都浅尝 辄止，终将一事无成。4） 隐含原因、让步、条件等表意功 能的定语从句lI shall pass by the next paragraph, which has nothing to do with the topic in hand.l下一段与主题无关,我就不谈了。 lWhy waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear?l既然他们不愿意听，那何必对他们浪费口舌 呢？l He who imagines he can do without the world deceive himself much; but he who fancies the world cant do without him is still more mistaken.l如果有人认为自己脱离社会可以独自 生活，那他是自欺欺人；但是，如果 有人幻想这个世界没有他就不会转动 那他就大错特错了。5） 名词：在一定语境下取代让步、 条件lBeggars must not be choosers.l要饭不能嫌馊/的就不能挑肥拣瘦。l An inferior pilot in such a situation would inevitably have lost his head.l换一个差一点的飞行员，遇到这种情况，就 一定不知所措了。lThanks for your attention.After-class assignmentl中坡国家森林公园位于湖南省怀化市城区北郊，最近点距城区 0.5km，核心景区距市区和火车站不到3km。1992年12月， 经湖南省林业厅批准建立了中坡省级森林公园，2006年8月， 经国家林业局批准成为国家级森林公园。自“升级”以来，该景区 处于快速发展阶段，年接待游客数在20万人次左右，并呈上升 趋势。该景区在取得快速发展的同时，诸多问题也开始凸现，主 要表现为景区附近的居民与景区之间的矛盾，如管理方对周边居 民入园晨练收取门票， 居民盗采林木、对管理方旅游开发的不 支持态度。经调查该景区核心区原属70年代征用荒山由市林业 局和市林科所投资营造的林业科研基地，80年代林科所与当地 村组农户联营造林，将分散到户的山林集中管护，1996年与当 地村组农户协商，以解决农转非和安排就业方式，获得中坡西部 部分山林的长期使用权。从该景区的发展历史来看，景区与周边 居民有着紧密的关系。（二） 英语前重心，汉语后重心- -词序调整法 句子重心，一般落在结论、断言、结果以及事实上 。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.（英语中先果后因）文学作品里可以有悲剧，就是因为生活中有悲剧。既然生活中有悲剧，文学作品里就可以写悲剧。lThe people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and