语法9个语法的重点p虚拟语气p定语从句p倒装句p主谓一致p强调句p连词的辨析p省略句p非谓语动词p平行结构p其他：时态、语态、情态动词等虚拟语气pA，表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形 容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓 语，should可省略。pB，某些特殊的形容词，后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤 其注意。pC，wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。pD，would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气 ，也可以直接加do sth宁愿做。pE，If引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设， 表示与过去情况相反的假设时。虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例1 ： The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical_ value by the time they were finished.A. could lose B. would have lostC. might lose D. ought to have lost答案 B. would have lost注释从句是省略if的虚拟条件句,谓语部分倒装,故主句谓语 为would have+过去分词。译文所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它们 完成时已失去全部实用价值。虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例2 ：A safety analysis _the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.A. would identify B. will identifyC. would have identified D. will have identified答案 C. would have identified注释过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。译文一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险 。不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例3：In the past men generally preferred that their wives _in the home.A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working答案 C. work注释因为prefer(宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句 中谓语需用(should)+动词原形。译文过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例4：When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man.A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off答案 A. turn off 注释 propose是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中 谓语要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。译文爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民 应关掉家中、街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例 5：I apologize if I _you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A. offend B. had offendedC. should have offended D. might have offended答案 B. had offended注释本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示，事情发 生在过去，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时 间的虚拟形式。译文假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保 证，这不是故意的。定语从句p对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语 从句。p关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的， 而不是在主句中的。p非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且 只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which 既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话，这一点大家一定要 注意。p另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很 多。例1： Id like to explain the proposals _ we have received many objections.pA：to which pB：to where pC：to who pD：to whatp答案：Ap解析：限制性定语从句，名词proposal为物，先行词为 代替物的which。object to反对，其中to是介词p例2：A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _ were surprising.pA：as results pB：which resultspC：the results of it pD：the results of which p答案：Dp解析：非限定性定语从句，the result of the survey was surprising，用为定语从句用which代替surveypShortly after my return, I visited the Appointments Office, _ I was interviewed by two courteous, impersonal men.pA：whatpB：whetherpC：whenpD：wherep答案：Dp解析：非限定性定语从句中，先行词表示地点，用where倒装句ponly后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装； 而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。p表示否定意义的副词或短语，如seldom，never ，rarely，in no time。p注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb donewhen这一句型，表示一就(as soon as后不加倒装)主谓一致p当主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but ，except等短语时，谓语动词与前面的 主语一致。p表示时间，距离，金钱，速度等的数量词作主语 时，通常将其看作是一个整体，为单数。p就近原则:eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等结构作主语时，由第二个词 后的名词决定谓语形式。主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p主语和谓语的一致,是指主语在人称和数方面与谓语动词的 一致关系。例1: There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which _ a return in money to the community.A. does not bring B. did not bring C. do not bring D. has not brought答案 C. do not bring注释 which的先行词是services，故谓语用第三人称复 数形式。译文有许多有价值的服务项目，公众也愿意支付其费用， 但是这些项目没有给社区带来经济回报。主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例2: The amount of pressure which _the materials are subject to the quality of the products.A. affects B. affect C. affecting D. to be affected答案 A. affects注释本句中subject是形容词，后接介词to,其介词宾语是 which。译文这些材料所受到的压力的量影响产品的质量。主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例3: There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _in the public mind today.A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed答案 A. exists注释 than引导比较状语从句，从句中省略the anxiety which。译文本应减少人们对患癌症的焦虑，可如今公众心目中 这种焦虑却有过之而无不及。主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例4: Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life circle of the insect that _ not fully understood. A. is B. are C. have D. has答案 B. are注释关系代词that的先行词是elements，故谓语应为 are。译文尽管进行了大量的研究，在这种昆虫的生活周期中 仍有某些因素还没有完全弄懂。主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例5：These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _ in traditional media.A. exist B. exists C. existing D. to exist答案 A. exist 注释 than引导的定语从句中than作主语，其谓语与带 形容词比较级的先行词保持人称与数的一致关系。也有的 语法书认为，than引导的是比较从句，后面省略了the restrictions that。译文与传统媒体中存在的限制相比，这些建议试图更多 地限制使用和拷贝数字信息强调句p基本结构 it is/was+强调部分+that/who(人)+句子中其 他成分强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)p英语常用的强调结构是“It is (was)+被强调部分 (主语、宾语或状语)+who (that).”。一般说来 ,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但 that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用 which来代替that。 1. It is the uses to which television is put determine its value to society.A. they B. those C. that D. who强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)2. It was not until he entered the classroom he realized that he had