英语中常用的修辞手法 Aesthetic Rhetoric 人们在说话、写作过程中，不能仅仅满足于 清楚明白，还要力争表达的生动形象， 做到语言艺术化。千百年来，人们根据 不同的语言环境，创造出了许多鲜明具体、 生动形象的表现手法，经过长期的反复的 锤炼和运用，逐渐得到巩固和发展， 一个个各呈其妙的修辞格就形成了。学习了解 修辞手法不仅可以使我们更好地感受语言的魅 力，也有助于提升阅读和写作水平。英语中常用的修辞手法 Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）指的是辞格 (figure of speech)，又称修辞格。 有的辞格着重营造词语的形象感； 有的辞格着力表现句式的均衡美； 有的辞格则表现语言的音韵美。 根据这一特征，美学修辞分为三大类 第一类 词语修辞格 第二类 结构修辞格 第三类 音韵修辞格第一类 词语修辞格1. 明喻 Simile Simile refers to a direct comparison between two or more things, normally introduced by like or as. Hurry up! You walk as slow as a snail.快点！看你慢的像蜗牛。 Life is poetically compared to the morning dew.人生被富有诗意地喻为朝露。 It rained as if the flood-gate of heaven were opened, and it lighted awfully.雨倾盆而下，犹如天上的水闸打开了，而且电光霍霍，极 其可怕。 Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他嘴巴 紧得像牦蛎.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口 如瓶。2. 隐喻 Metaphor Metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more things achieved by identifying one with the other. He has a heart of stone.他是一个铁石心肠的人。 Miss read gave him an ice-cold look.里德小姐冰冷地朝他瞧了一眼。 College is a comma of a sentence of life.大学就是人生长句中的一个逗号。3. 类比 Analogy 两种本质上不同的事物之间的相似点进行比较，得出 针对性极强的结论，一般是劝说、阐释，把深奥的道 理浅显化，把抽象的事理具体化形象化。 Reading is the mind what food is to the body. (Analogy) 阅读对于头脑的作用，就像食物对于身体的作用一样。 Appropriate praise to a child is what a sun to a flower. (Analogy) 恰当的表扬对孩子的作用，就如同阳光对于话多的作用 一样。 Reading is like the food of the mind.(simile ) Washington refused to make any comment on this proposal.华盛顿拒绝对此建议发表评论。（metonymy 用华盛顿代美国政府） The baby was brought up on the bottle.这个婴儿是用瓶装奶喂大的。（metonymy 用奶瓶代奶）4. 借代 Metonymy Didnt you swear youd never again believe anything in trousers?1. 你不是曾发誓不再相信穿裤子的任何东西了 吗？2. 你不是曾发誓不再相信男人了吗？ uBut for making money, Twains pen would prove mightier than his pickax.但是就挣钱来说，马克.吐温的笔要比他的镐锋 利。 uwhen a married couple saw red lawyer saw green.1. 夫妻看到红色时，律师看到绿色。2. 夫妻吵得脸红耳赤之日，正是律师招财进宝 之时。 I did not cry, I could not. My cheeks were as hot as fire, and my very eyes burnt in my head.1. 我没有哭，我哭不出来。双颊热得如 火，眼睛在头上燃烧。2. 我没有哭，我哭不出来。双颊热得火 辣辣的，两眼好像在冒火。5. 夸张 Hyperbole He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.1. 他沿街跑下去，喧闹如十马奔腾。2. 他沿街跑下去，喧闹如万马奔腾。 Your wife is going to hit the ceiling when she learns that you were not telling her the truth.1. 要是你的妻子知道你没跟她说真话，她 会蹦到屋顶那么高。2. 要是你的妻子知道你没跟她说真话，她 会气得暴跳如雷。6. 双关 Pun Lets see how the wind blows, then decide whether we should swim against or with the stream.咱们先看看风向如何,然后决定是逆流而上还是随波逐 流. We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately.如果我们不团结在一起，我们讲一个个被绞死。 Some persons can be everywhere at home;others can sit musingly at home and can be everywhere.有些人可以四海为家无拘无束；也有些人可以静坐家 中而周游世界。 What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.1. 律师死了以后干啥？ 静静地躺着。2. 律师死了以后干啥？ 身子动弹不得，口里却依然撒谎。 Policeman: What made you think that you could park your car there?Tourist：Well, there was a big sign that read: “Fine for Parking”.1. 警察：你怎么想到了把车停在那里？游客： 噢，那里有个牌子，上面写着：停车 的好地方！2. 警察：你怎么想到了把车停在那里？游客：噢，那里有个牌子，上面写着：适于 泊车！（注：英语中的fine既有“好”的意思，也 可表示“罚款”。）7. 委婉 Euphemism After services, she will be laid to rest beneath a simple slab（厚片） of black marble beside her husband, King George 6th.葬礼结束后，她被安放在一块普通的黑色 大理石板下休息，边上紧挨着她的丈夫乔 治六世。葬礼结束后，她被安葬在一块普通的黑色 大理石墓碑下，边上紧挨着她丈夫乔治六 世的坟墓。 He got secret disease.他得过暗疾。 John! How can you read this adult book?约翰，你怎能读成人的书？ 表示”old“委婉语：senior citizens(资深公 民)， elderly people(年龄较大的人)， reach ones golden age (进入黄金年华) ， be in sunset years(进入暮年)，be getting on years (年岁增长)8. 拟人 Personification Hunger breaks stone walls.饥饿打破石头墙饥饿不饶人。Can you tell me anything more about Father of Waters?你能否再讲点河流之父的故事?你能否再讲点美国密西西比河的事？Spring has no speech, nothing but rustling and whispering, but spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking.春天没有言语，只有春风荡漾的沙沙声和 万物复苏的低吟声。然而，春花怒放，春 叶萌发，春水奔流，春天欢腾地、无休止 地追逐着，这一切比言语要丰富得多。9. 移就 Transferred Epithet 移就是创造性的搭配。从逻辑关系来分析，不合规范 不合情理，但在具体语言环境中恰到好处。移人与物 或移物于物。 my dreary bed,我的忧郁的床（移人与物） His stories achieved nothing but cheap laughs. 他的故事仅仅赚了点儿廉价的笑声。（移物于物） I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.（移人与物）1. 我把头埋在悲惨的被单和毯子下面，像孩子样哭了起来。2. 我非常难过，一头扎进被单和毯子，像孩子一样哭了起来 。 The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed.1. 老人整夜躺在那不眠的床上。 （移人与物）2. 老人躺在床上，彻夜未眠。10 通感移觉 Synaesthesia 移觉:用这种感觉去描写那种感觉。通感:五种感官相通。 a sour look 酸溜溜的一瞥 u As I entered her room , I was hit by the heavy perfume and noisy colors. 我一进入她的房间，浓郁的香气和刺眼的色彩就 我袭来。heavy 是触觉的感受，perfume是嗅觉才 感受到的，嗅觉通向触觉；noisy 只能由听觉感 感知，colour属于视觉感知的范畴，由视觉向听 转移，这样的描写更胜一筹。 11.矛盾修饰法 Oxymoron在世界文学家中，运用这一修辞手段最多的， 当是莎士比亚。hard tender冷酷的温柔bad good news不好的好消息silent scream无声的尖叫a foolish wit愚蠢的智人a living death半死不活12.反讽 IronyuHe was “extremely kind” to me, and I shall never forget it.他过去对我有“大恩”，我可一辈子也忘不 了。uThe virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.那个品德高尚、威严的主教有四个私生子。13.仿拟 Parody I had no outlook, but an uplook rather.My