Lecture Threel Contrast of Lexical lMeaning between lEnglish and Chinese, land Diction l(Choice of Words)l英汉词义对比与英译汉lCaesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency- expert thin person. All of them are dangerous.l恺撒大帝说的一点不错。瘦人的确需要好好得 观察。我成年后的大半辈子都在仔细得观察着 他们，结果是，我实在不怎么喜欢我所看到的 。当这些瘦瘦的家伙蹦跳着朝我过来，我便浑 身颤栗。这些人儿性格各异，大多为阴险狡诈 之徒。你会遇见诸如精明的瘦人，呆板机械的 瘦人，谦逊的瘦人，啧啧挑剔的瘦人亦或是效 率专家般的瘦人。不过，这些瘦人都是危险人 物。lCaesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous.l正如凯撒所说，对于虚情假意的人，我们需要付出更多 的观察。在过去的日子里我一直在关注他们，但是我并 不喜欢我所看到的 一切。当那些狭隘的家伙接近我， 我甚至连脚趾都在颤抖。虚情假意的人拥有很多的性格 特点，但相当大的一部分都是具有威胁性的。那些如机 械般的、优越感极强的、精明的和最有效率的家伙其实 都在你的周围，而且他们都是危险的。I. Contrast in Vocabularyl1. Contrast in Meaning（词义对比）lA. reflective（反映式）l Reflecting the ideas of both materials and non-materials.Examples:lArticles;foods; clothing;mountains and rivers,and geography,social morality; psychology; ethics, etc.l l lB. refractive（折射式）l indirect reflection of objectsl e.g. birdlC. integrative（整合式）l combination of the meaning of two words. E.g. l flexitime” l（弹性工作制，始于英国） l铁饭碗 l（a secured job） Degrees of Equivalence in Word Meaningla. equivalence（对应关系）lMainly including proper nouns, terminology and some names or titles in daily life. Examples:lThe U.S. State Department 美国国务院lComputational linguistics 计算语言学lThe Pacific Ocean 太平洋lTuberculosis 肺结核lhelicopter 直升飞机lmanliness 男子气lincense coil 盘香laside 旁白b. inclusion（涵盖关系）lMainly including those words whose meanings have extensive and narrow separations. Examples:lmarriage 嫁、娶lgun 枪、炮lsister 姐、妹lmorning 早晨、上午c. intersection （交替式）lMainly including those words with several meanings, therefore their meaning should be determined by the contexts. lshortl 1) Liu Hu-lans life was short but brilliant.l 2) The shells fell short.l 3) She said she had a short memory.l 4) Indeed he has a short temper.l 5) He complained that the notice was short.d. replacement（替代关系）lExample:l妻舅lLiteral meaning:lwifes uncle，lFactual meaning:lwifes brother or brother-in-law。e. exclusion（冲突关系） lYou can not find the signifier in the target language from the signified in the source language. Mainly including fresh or newly appeared proper nouns, terminology and those to reflect English and American social customs and manners, etc. Examples:l“大舅”、“老四”、“三爷” lMascon (mass concentration) （表示月球 表层下高密度的）物质聚积lBeddo （一种多用途的）床lOverkill（核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀 伤力lPlumber （形成与“五角大楼文件”泄露事 件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。现常用 来指特工。）2. Diction (Choice of Words)lChoice of Meaning in Comprehension and Choice of Words in RepresentationI. According to class of words l1.Old Li likes a television more than a camera.l电视机和照相机两者当中老李更喜欢电 视机。l2. Like father, like son. l有其夫，必有其子。l3. Like knows like.l英雄识英雄。l1.Bobby and I are like brothers and sisters.l鲍比和我亲如兄妹。l2. He doesnt speak English like I speak it.l他说英语和我说英语不一样。Classroom Translation Practice (1)l1. a round postl一根圆柱l2. The wheels go round rapidly.l车轮飞转。l3.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour.l夜班人员每小时巡视一次。l1. The students stood round the teacher.l学生围站在老师的周围。l2. We rounded the Cape of Good Hope.l我们饶过了好望角。II. According to context and collocation l1.It was a girl with good manners.l这是一位举止得体的姑娘。l2.These were all labeled as good eggs.l这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。l3.Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends.l狗经常被认为是人类的忠实朋友。l4.He was told, when complaining that he could not follow Nassers moves, that Nasser was a good chess player.l有一次，当他抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时，有 人对他说，纳赛尔是个高明的棋手。l5. The Captain of the jet came back, saluted and, in very good English, said to the President, “To l Cairo, Sir“.l 喷汽式飞机机长回来，敬了个礼，并用漂亮 的英语对总统说，“先生，去开罗。”l6. Autumn was already in the air on the late afternoon when she decided to fish near the island.The good little pram purred across the water, and I settled on the rock to keep my secret watch, knowing that it was simply a matter of days before Id have to call Popa.l 傍晚时分，天空中已显出几分秋意。她决定 到小岛附近去钓鱼。可爱的小平底船轧轧地划 过湖面。我靠在那块岩石上继续悄悄观望，心 理晓得过不了几天便不能不打电话 给爸爸了 。l7. .I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world isfull of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions.l 我教书是