Unit 2 Grammar and usage过去分词与现在分词一 样，都可以起到形容词 的作用，在句中作表语 ，宾补和定语。或者起 到副词作用，在句中作 状语。分词作前置定语(不同含义）1.interesting , interested ,exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed amusing, amused astonishing, astonished boring, bored confusing, confused disappointing, disappointed encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired 主动与被动 2.rising/risen,falling/fallen, developing /developed , changing/ changed, fading /faded, boiled/ boiling ,drowning/ drowned- -进行与完成 3.man-made, wool-making, English-speaking-wool-making factory English-speaking country与后面的被修饰词构成主动或被动关系 4.look,expression,smile,laughter,voice-音容笑貌名词可以当作表“人”的名词He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a _ (frightening, frightened) voice. China is a developing country. (发展中的) America is a developed country. （发达的 ） the ruling class 统治阶级 the ruled class 被 统治阶级 the changing world （正在变化的） the changed world （变化了的） the surprised face 惊讶的脸色 satisfied smile 满意的微笑boiling water（正在沸腾的） boiled water（已经沸腾过的） fading flowers (正在凋谢的)faded flowers （已经凋谢的） a drowning man（快要淹死的）a drowned man（已经淹死的） falling leaves正在飘落的树叶fallen leaves落叶a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯returned students 归国留学生 His son was . The old man felt unhappy.His son was , so he regretted not having prepared much for the test. 分词和动名词修饰名词时的意义区别: a swimming boy, a swimming pool a walking dictionary, a walking stick running water, running track disappointingdisappointed用disappointed 填空动名词 作定语 表示“ 目的”分词作后置定语（-ing, -ed, being ed)(1).The boy sitting under that tree is my brother. The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother.I know the people building the house there.I know the people who are building the house thereThe building completed last month is a bankThe building that was completed last month is a bankThe house being built over there is a shop. (被动,正在建)The house that is being built over there is a shop.The house built over there is a shop. （被动、已建好）The house that is built over there is a shop.分词作宾补 I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(6). The peasants had the tractor working day and night at harvest time.(7). Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. 1.语态 时态 含义：（主动与被动， 一般时 与完成时， 时间状语， 原因状语， 方式/伴 随状语 ，条件状语， 结果状语，让步状语） 2.主语一致性： 分词语态与主句主语一致 3.避免重复连词 4.否定词位置 5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义 6.有些动词分词作为插入语 7.Being done不做状语分词作状语要点注意 主语一致性 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引 导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在 分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句 子的实际主语保持一致。如：1.Hearing the news, his tears rolled down his face. When he heard the news, his tears rolled down his face.2.Watered in time, he could grow the flower better than before.Watering the flower in time, he could grow the flower better than before.Watered in time, the flower could grow better than before.错错Having finished the work， . A. it was almost six oclock B. it time to surf the Internet. C. supper had been already preparedD. we had a rest and then had supper D分词的含义 A.作时间状语： _ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the citys new look. _ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake- charmer. When we were taken around the city, we were deeply impressed by the citys new look. While I was wandering through the square, I caught sight of a snake- charmer. B.作原因状语： eg.) _ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder. _ (know) her address, we could get in touch with her. Because they were encouraged by his heroic deeds, they worked harder. Because we knew her address, we could get in touch with her. TakenWanderingEncouragedKnowingC.方式/伴随状语; Eg.)She watched the film, _ (weep ) and _ (sigh). The teacher stood there, _ (surround) by a lot of students. D.作条件状语： Eg.)_ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better. _ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time. If I was given another chance , I would have done the job far better. If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.weepingsighingGivenPlayingsurrounded E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果) Eg.) The hunters fired, _(shoot) one of the wolves. The bus was held up by the snowstorm, _ (cause) the delay. 区别: 不定式表示意外的结果 eg.) He hurried to the station, only _ (find) the train had left. F.作让步状语： Eg.) _ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon. _ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. Though it rained heavily, it cleared up very soon. Though he was told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. shooting causingto findRainingTold否定词位置及时间的先后 Not having been there, we couldnt describe the scenery well._ a reply, he decided to write agai