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第三章 英汉语言对比英汉语词汇的文化意蕴之对比词的意义 理性意义:指词语在语言交际中所表达出 来的最基本的意义,是对客观事物主要特 征的反映和概括。理性意义还可以划分为 概念意义与指称意义两种。 联想意义:指语言标志所唤起的想象和形 象。联想意义不是词语本身所固有的而是 一种附加在理性意义之上的意义。1)指示意义相同,联想意义 不同或截然相反例:“龙”与“dragon”中国:真龙天子;龙的传人;龙凤呈祥 西方:撒旦:the great dragon.The woman is a dragon.例:“蟋蟀”与“cricket” 中国: 昨夜寒蛩不住鸣,惊回千里梦,已三更。岳飞“小重山” 但闻四壁虫声唧唧,如助余之叹息。欧阳修的“秋声赋” 蛩唱如波咽,更深似水寒。杜牧的“寝夜”: 西方: “I have not had all the luck I expected; but am as merry as a cricket”。C Kingsley Two Years Ago例:“西风”与“west wind”中国:咸阳古道音尘绝,音尘绝,西风残照,汉 家陵阕。李白“忆秦娥”古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯 。马致远的“天净沙,秋思” 海天未必知天数,空对西风老泪滂。艾性的“避乱逢友人”西方: 雪莱西风颂(Ode to the West Wind)中 就对west wind进行了高度的赞颂,把它作 为希望和力量的象征。 Chaucer在坎特伯雷故事的引子中说: “When the sweet showers of April fall and shout / From which there springs the engendering of the flower, / When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath / Exhales an air in every grove and heath. / Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun.”2)指示意义相同,联想意义 部分相同例:“玫瑰”与“rose”爱情under the rose?例:“猫头鹰”与“owl”不吉利、凶兆、死亡Macbeth: “I have done the deed. Didstthou not hear a noise?” Lady Macbeth: “I heard the owl screamand the crickets cry”。Shakespear夜猫子进宅,无事不来。as wise as an owl “A wise old owl lived in an oak. / The more he saw the less he spoke. / The less he spoke the more he heard. / Why cant we all be like that wise old bird?” Mother Gooses Fairy Tales (英国民间童谣)trespass?3)指示意义相同,在一种语言中有 丰富的联想意义,在另一种语言中 却没有例:“竹”与“bamboo”咬定青山不放松,立根原在破岩中。 千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风。郑板桥竹石竹色君子德,猗猗寒更绿。欧阳修的弄部看竹食者竹笋,庇者竹瓦,载者竹筏,衣者 竹皮, 书者竹纸,履者竹鞋。真可谓不可 一日无此君者也耶! 苏东坡“黄水仙花”与“daffodil”I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud William WordsworthI wondered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never- ending line Along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced ; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company : I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought : For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. 4)各自文化中特有的词汇,即 文化中的词汇缺项例:客气哪里,哪里阴阳风水hippiepunk英汉思维方式与句法差异思维方式差异西方:主客对立中国:主客一体西方:形式逻辑思维中国:直觉思维西方:个人主义中国:集体主义句法差异一、综合语与分析语 (Synthetic vs. Analytic) 综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。 Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary给综合语 定义为:A synthetic language is “Characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”。拉丁语、德语 和古英语都属于这类语言。 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来 表达语法关系。The Random House College Dictionary给分析语定义为:An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected form”。1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 。1) 构词形态,即起构词作用的词缀变化包括 大量的前缀和后缀。英语可以运用丰富的 词缀构词造句,如: His moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished me. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.(O. Jespersen) 他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。 他行进速度之快,令人惊讶。 他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。汉语词缀变化 前缀 超 超人,超值,超女,超支,超音速 非 非人,非原则,非正式,非军事化 无 无线电,无名氏,无疑 反 反问,反弹道导弹,反腐败 可 可亲,可爱,可调整,汉语词缀变化 后缀 手 助手,选手,帮手,一把手 年 幼年,晚年,青少年,周年 子 金子,银子,票子,耗子,妻子 头 外头,对头,拳头,枕头,苗头2)构形形态,即表达语法意义的词形变化 。如: 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books. They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们在一起工作就 有三十年了。 New factories are being built all over the country.全国到处都在兴建新工厂。 During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.战争期间(要是)碰到这样的年景,很多人肯定会 死去,很多会逃荒要饭,很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。 现代英语的形态变化主要是动词的变化和 名词、代词、形容词及副词的变化以及上 述的词缀变化。这些变化有:性(gender) 、数(number)、格(case)、时(tense) 、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气( mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、 人称(person)和词性(parts of speech)等 。有了这些变化,一个词(或词组)常常 可以同时表达几种语法意义,例如从词的 形态可以判别它的词类、在句中的作用、 与其他词的关系等。 严格来说,汉语没有形态变化。汉语的数量助词(如“们”表示复数)、动态 助词(如“着”、“了”、“过”表示动词的体) 与结构助词(如“的”、“地”、“得”表示定语 、状语与补语),虽类似英语的形态变化 ,但这些成分的使用在汉语里常常缺乏普 遍性。2. 英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定。 形态变化与词序有密切的关系。形态变化 越多的语言,词序越灵活,反之亦然。汉 语是典型的分析语,词没有形态标志,位 置不能随便移动,词语之间的关系主要通 过安排及使用虚词来表达。1) 英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、 宾语或表语的词序基本上相同,一般地说 ,英汉的排列顺序都是:主谓宾(表) 。但与汉语相比,英语词序倒装的现象比 较多。 What a be
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