Unit FiveTranslation Techniques (1)Selection and ExtensionTechniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as selection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and sentence structures, long sentence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc.Introduction to the techniques of translationTranslation techniques 1A. Selection of Word Meanings英语中一词多义的现象比较普遍。翻译时，要 在许多不同的词义中选一个最确切的词义，才 能使译文正确。词义选择一般从以下几个方面 入手： a. Select word meanings according to parts of speeches. Translation techniques 11. Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. (v.)2. The patient was connected to a television wave monitor. (n.) 3. He likes making chemical experiments. (v.)微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。病人情况通过波形监视器监视。他喜欢做化学实验。4. Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract. (adj.)5. Like the human brain, a computer also has a memory where it can store vast quantities of information. (prep.)6. I hope I can operate the machine like you do.( conj.)7. All matters such as iron, water, air, and the like are made up of atoms. (conj.)8. Like enough, the ship will arrive in port tomorrow. (ad.)Translation techniques 1同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。计算机像人脑一样， 也有一个能储存大量信息的存储器我希望能像你一样操纵机器。一切物质，例如铁、水、空气等，都是由原子构成的。这艘船很可能明天进港。1. The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade.2. To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.3. In developing the design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.4. In order to develop our power industry, we must produce more and more powerful generators. Translation techniques 1b. Select word meanings according to the context. 过去10年我国工业发展迅猛。为了研制这种仪器请了很多专家。在进行设计时工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识。为了发展我国的电力工业， 我们必须生产越来越多的大功率 发电机。5. Instruments capable of measuring most kinds of error automatically and methods of feeding the information back to the machines controls have been developed.6. He is the last man to come. 7. He is the last man to do it. 8. He is the last person for such a job. 9. He should be the last (man) to blame. 10. He is the last man to consult. 11. This is the last place where I expected to meet you. Translation techniques 1能自动测量多种误差的仪器， 以及把信息反馈给机器控 制机构的方法已经研制出来了。他是最后来的。 他决不会干这种事。 他最不配干这工作。 怎么也不该怪他。 根本不宜与他商量。我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。1. Power can be transmitted over a long distance.2. China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.3. 16 is the fourth power of 2. (27 is the third power of 3.)4. What is the power of the engine?Translation techniques 1c. Select word meanings according to speciality. 电力可以远距离输送。尽管中国是核大国， 但中国决不会首先使用核武器。16是2的4次方。 （27是3的3次幂。）这台电机的功率是多少？1. high beam2. high brass3. high current4. high explosive5. high gear6. high seas7. high summer8. high steelTranslation techniques 1d. Select word meanings according to collocation. 远距离光束;远光灯 优质黄铜;硬黄铜强电流 烈性炸药高速档;高速齿轮公海盛夏硬钢;高碳钢9. To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.10. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. 11. Every material takes up space.12. The electronic computers are taking over some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains, but they are not replacing us.Translation techniques 1脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦， 但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。一切物质都占有空间。计算机正在接替原来由人脑进行的某些工作，但是它们不 能代替人。Translation techniques 1B. Extension of Word Meanings 在翻译中人们常会遇到一些词或短语，无法直接 搬用辞典中的释义。如果照搬，不但不能确切表 达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时要根据上下文的 联系及其逻辑关系对词义加引申。词义的引申常 有以下几种情况: 1. Public opinion demands that something should be done to end the strike.2. The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.Translation techniques 1一、抽象词语具体化英语中常用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事 物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。 公众舆论要求采取措施结束罢工。我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一 种属性，一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可 将其词义作为抽象化的引申，译文才能流畅、自然。 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 2. Everyone has rain and sunshine (roses and thorns) in their life.Translation techniques 1二、具体词语抽象化帝国主义者的性格即残暴，又狡猾。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。3. See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. Translation techniques 1在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时 而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有 明朗化。 在翻译时，在译清原文的确切含义的基础上， 按译语的搭配习惯，选择恰当的译语词汇对原 文加以引申，并可以改变原文的结构和句式， 译文只要忠实原文、通顺流畅即可。 Translation techniques 1三、改换说法1. During the first part of his life, Lincoln was a storekeeper and postmaster.2. A network of highways was built from coast to coast.3. He found that the mercury column measured the predicted height.4. Jets are a new development in aviation.5. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.Translation techniques 1林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。他发现水银柱达到了预期的高度。喷气式飞机是航空事业上的一个新成就。死译：原材料与成品之间最短的距离是铸造。 引申译：铸造是原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。6. The al