Unit 71. 定语从句 定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句2. 状语从句 3. Exercises 2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 定语从句定语从句3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who 或whom的几种情况 4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句 5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.综述 6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别 2.地点状语从句 状语从句状语从句3.原因状语从句 4.结果状语从句 5.目的状语从句6.条件状语从句 7.让步状语从句 1.时间状语从句 8.方式状语从句 9.比较状语从句 1.综述 定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词 （who, whom, whose, which, that, as ）或关系副词（ when, where, why）等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外， 还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的 成分。如： The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指代先行 词car，在从句中作主语） The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose 是所 有格，在从句中作定语) I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. (when指代先行词day，在从句中作时间状语)2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 1. 定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句 和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有 逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句 和先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当 于并列句。如：He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是个个性很强 的人。（限定性定语从句）My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在 国外工作，他下周将回来。（非限定性定语从句）注：1. 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which ，as或who（指人）。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句 的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代 整个主句，在从句中作主语）2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 2. as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放 在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能 放在主句之前。如： As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly. 3. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在 非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. (whom不能省去)3.只用关系代词that，不用 which ，who或whom的几种情况 1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时。如： All that you want are here.2. 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如：There is no person that doesnt make mistakes. 3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3.只用关系代词that，不用 which ，who或whom的几种情况 4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物 时。如：We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. 5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the person that is standing over there? 6. 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that， 但经常可以省略。如： I know the difference (that) there is between you. 7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。如：He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了。4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same， such，so等连用，形式为：the same as，such as，as as，so as。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。 如：She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她 自己的一样。(as代替事，作宾语)I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣 的书。(as代替物，作主语)4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句注：the same as 和the same that的用法不同。as引导的定 语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物； that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个 ”，指同一事物。如：This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样 。（类似的笔）This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢 的那支。（同一支笔）5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从 句在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于3种情况：1定语从句中谓语动词 或表语的搭配。如：This is the college in which I am studying.He is the man about whom we are talking. 2先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如：The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。 3当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词。如 ：I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从 句注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with； 有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来 确定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。 有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词 from, to等。如：China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风筝的运动传到了日本、 韩国、泰国和印度。 6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句在复合句中的功能相当于形容词，它对 先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。而同位语从句 则属于名词性从句，对与它有同位关系得名词作 进一步解释，使其内容具体化。例如：She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位语从句) The fact that she told me made me very angry. （定语 从句） 1. 时间状语从句状语从句就是充当句子状语的从句，它可分为时间、地点、 方式、比较、原因、结果、目的、条件和让步等从句。时间状语从句 1. 常用来引导时间状语从句的连接词有as, when, whenever, while, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before, no sooner than等 。如：He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。 Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when/before he left the room. 杰克一看到我就离开了房间。1. 时间状语从句2某些表示时间的副词、名词短语和介词短语也可引导时间 状语从句。如directly, immediately, the instant, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, each/every time, next time, the first/second/last time, by the time等。 如：Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. 我一收到你的信，就马上回来了。2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where, wherever, everywhere 和anywhere 引导。如：Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome. 无论他走到哪里，都受到热烈的欢迎。.3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句一般由because, as, since, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that, not that but that, by reason that, for fear that, for the reason that, on the ground that等引导。 如：As it is raining, lets stay at home. 因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape. 气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。4. 结果状语从句结果状语从句由so that, such that, so that, such that, so, that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that, with the re