虚拟语气虚拟语气 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一 种假设、猜测、怀疑等种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、 命令、建议等命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。 1. 条件句中的虚拟语气条件句中的虚拟语气 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件， 主句会产生的一种不可能 获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 时间 if 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 将来情况 动词过去式 (be 用 were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 would / should / might / could + 动词原形 现在情况 动词过去式 (be 用 were) would / should / might / could + 动词原 形 过去情况 had + 动词过去分词 would / should / might / could + have + 动词过去分词 e.g. If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. (将来) If he were free, he would help us. (现在) If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. (过去) 谓语动词若是系动词谓语动词若是系动词 be 时，时，be 常用常用 were，但如果当从句的主语为第三人称单数，可用，但如果当从句的主语为第三人称单数，可用 was 代替代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及。但在倒装虚拟结构及 if I were you, as it were 中，只能用中，只能用 were。 e.g. Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 在虚拟条件句中，如果主、从句的动作不是同时发生，一定要区别对待。在虚拟条件句中，如果主、从句的动作不是同时发生，一定要区别对待。 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话， 我们现 在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已 经派他去北京了。 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下 太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有含有 were, should, had 时，时，if 可可省略省略，而，而将将 were, should, had 等等 词词置于置于句句首首。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话， 我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话， 我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。 如果句如果句子没有直接给出子没有直接给出假设假设情况情况的条件，的条件，则需则需要要通过上下文通过上下文或或其他方其他方式来式来判断判断。(P.82 含含 蓄蓄条件句条件句) I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, we would be working now. Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 在虚拟条件句中，主、从句可在虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其以省略其中的一个，用来表示说话人的一种中的一个，用来表示说话人的一种强烈强烈的的感情感情。 省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。 省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊！ If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊！ 2. 状语从句中的虚拟语气状语从句中的虚拟语气 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 在在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。动词原形。(should 不能省略不能省略) She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍， 以 防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 在在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气， 从句谓语为：所引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气， 从句谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺 得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以 便不漏掉一个单词。 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气让步状语从句中的虚拟语气 在在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气。主句、从句的结构所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气。主句、从句的结构 与与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。所引导的条件从句结构相同。 Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即是他亲自来也不知该怎么 办。 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 及时华佗再世也就不了 他。 在在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh- 等引导等引导 的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 may + 动词原形动词原形(指现在或将来指现在或将来)/完成式完成式(指过指过 去去)，主句结构不限。，主句结构不限。 We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事， 我们都 要按时完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管 你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过 什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 在在 though, although 等引导的让步状语从句中， 从句虚拟语气结构为等引导的让步状语从句中， 从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，动词原形， 主句结构不限。主句结构不限。 Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是 个好学生。 Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必 须遵守规定。 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气方式状语从句中的虚拟语气 as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气结构为： 时间 谓语形式 发生在主句动作之前(过去) had + 过去分词 与主句动作同时发生(现在) 过去时(be 用 were ) 发生在主句动作之后(将来) would / could / might / should+原形动词 They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论 起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。 He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气原因状语从句中的虚拟语气 amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的原因状语从句中常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：should + 原形 动词(指现在或将来) / 完成式(指过去)。 He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。 I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊， 父亲竟 指导我昨天所作的事情。 3. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气宾语从句中的虚拟语气 advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求坚决要求), order, propose, request, suggest(建建 议议)等表示请求、要求、命令或建议的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，虚拟语气等表示请求、要求、命令或建议的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，虚拟语气 的结构为：的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。原形动词。 The teacher advised that we should make g