托福阅读之中的考点列举,Mailliuwenyong.com,可能的考点,第一大出题原则: “引号”第二大出题原则: “例证”第三大出题原则: “转折”第四大出题原则: “定义”第五大出题原则: “列举”第六大出题原则: “比较”第七大出题原则: “因果”,第一大出题原则: “引号”,引号的作用是什么?引用强调引号预示考题引用-修饰目的题强调-细节题,Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four million black people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern states to be brought back into the Union? What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, was the subject of an insulting popular Northern song, Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple Tree. And even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as little bitterness as possible.Why does the author mention a popular song?,Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. Almost all of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.According to the passage, the classification of organisms as “opportunists” or “competitors” is determined by,第二大出题原则: “例证”,文中【概述+for example（或其他词）+例子)】结构；托福的阅读文章都是学术性的文章,于是“论证结构”, 势必成为文章之中值得一考的内容；例证-对应 “修饰目的性题”,Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptors aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?,The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines. With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisans dream of setting up ones own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.In this passage, the author includes the quotation from a millworker in order to,第三大出题原则: “重要位置的转折”,凡是文章的前面部分(一般认定为前3句)或者每段的首尾意群之中出现以: but, however, nevertheless, rather than, on the other hand 为标志的转折时候:要么有考题对应要么揭示文章的主题,Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 billion years). There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.,