史学论文写作之外文参考文献的引用及标题、摘要 和关键词等的翻译问题一、国际上标注参考文献的几种不 同模式 1. MLA格式Modern Language Association (MLA，现代语言学会)所用的 Works Cited模式 What is MLA? The Modern Language Associations writing style is the leading means of documentation in the educational and literary world. The current MLA writing manual is the sixth edition. A new manual has been published about once every decade over the approximately fifty years of MLA styles existence. 主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文 学、文学批评和文化研究等。 When is MLA used? The MLA writing style is often used by writers who are not required to use a particular writing style. How is MLA different? The MLA style focuses on citing information about the author of a research source. Who created a source is more significant than when it was published. Example:Last Name Page # Works Cited Book Author Last Name, Author First Name. Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last Name. City Published: Publisher, Year. Website Author Last Name, Author First Name. Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name. Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day Month. Year. . Additional information may be found at the Modern Language Association website (http:/www.mla.org/). 2. APA 格式American Psychological Association (APA，美国心理学会)所用的 Reference模式 What is APA? The American Psychological Association (APA) style is the preferred means of citing resources in the social sciences circle. The APA writing manual is in its 5th edition and is newer than the MLA writing style. APA格式指的就是美国心理学会American Psychological Association）出版的美 国心理协会刊物准则，目前已出版至第 六版，总页数272页，而此协会是目前在美 国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式 起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在 心理学期刊 Psychological Bulletin。 APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写 格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规 范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法 ，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方 式。 APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而 广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式 和“括号内引用法”相当著名。 When is APA used? APA style is used when writing a psychological paper or any social sciences paper. It is a helpful style when most sources are from published journals, articles, and frequently published works. How is APA different? APA references focus on the date and title of a research source instead of the author. This is because one author or journal can have three similar articles, as well as because scientific information changes. Example:Title Page # References Book Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s). In First Initial. Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Published City, Published State: Publisher. Web Document Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title. (chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month. Day, Year, from URL Address Author Cited Within Text Format: Author Last Name (Year Published) sentence. Example: Dr. Milton (2004) theorizes that there is correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class. Author Not Cited Within Text Format: Sentence (Author Last Name, Year Published). Example: There is a correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class (Milton, 2004). Direct Quotation Format: Sentence (Author Last Name, Year Published, Page Number(s). Example: “There is a correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class” (Milton, 2004, p. 2). Additional information may be found at the American Psychological Association website (http:/www.apastyle.org/). 3. CSE 格式Council of Science Editors (CSE，科学编辑委员会)所用的Cited References模式 What is CSE? The Council of Science Editors was established in 2000. CSE is an extension of the Council of Biology Editors (CBE), which was originally formed in 1957. The CSE goal is to develop an internationally congruent writing style to foster communication and abundant information. When is CSE used? CSE is used for work with hard sciences or international purposes. CSE is unsuitable for literary work because of the detail it requires. How is CSE different? Like the APA style, the CSE style focuses on citing the date, rather than the author, of a source. The CSE referencing formats include details that help differentiate similar articles in the same work. Example: Heading Page # Cited References Web Document Author. Site Title home page on the Internet. Published City (Published State): Publisher; Year Month Day. cited Year Month Day. Available from: URL Address. Book Author Last Name, First Initial. Book Title. City Published (State Published): Publisher; Year. Total Page Numbers p. Entire Sentence(s) Format: Sentence(s)In-Text Citation Sequential Number. Example: It is important to understand the implications of the word problem, as well as the logic of the formulas used to find the correct answer1（这里的数字应为上标 ）. Part of Sentence Format: Sentence startIn-Text Citation Sequential Numbersentence end. Example: They ha