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大学英语四级阅读 技巧与训练 主讲人:钟利平寻找阅读的突破口根据全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试 行),全国大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组 和考试委员会设计了四级考试新题型测试卷, 并于近日公布。在样卷中,仔细阅读部分( Reading in Depth)占整张试卷分值的25%。考 试题型又分为两种:A) 选择题型的篇章阅读理 解;B) 篇章层次的词汇理解 (Banked Cloze) 或 短句问答 (Short Answer Question)。仔细研究 了样题后,并根据教学经验,以下就仔细阅读 部分进行一个详细地分析。 阅读的主要目的在于检测考生阅读和理解 成段的书面语言的能力。实际上,这种测 试并非纯粹的单项测试,而是一种综合性 的语言运用能力的测试,既检测考生应具 有的多方面的语言知识和技能,又考查他 们对语言文字的理解、分析、推理和鉴赏 等方面的思维能力。如何获取段落的主旨大意针对主旨大意的阅读理解题阅读的首要目的是看懂所读材料的主旨大 意,阅读测试自然也以此作为测定考生阅 读能力的主要标准。在针对主旨大意的阅 读理解题中,大多数针对段落(或短文) 的主题(subject),主题思想(main idea),题目(title)或目的(purpose) 拟题。题型颇多,用词不尽相同,但所针 对的都是段落(或短文)的主旨大意。辨认主题句(topic sentence)辨认主题句是获取段落主旨大意的一个有效的 方法。凡表述段落主旨大意的句子叫主题句。 这种句子一般具有三个特点:(1)表述的意思 比较概括,相对其他句子来看,这种概括性更 为明显;(2)句子结构较简单,多数都不采用 长难句的形式;(3)段落中其它的句子必定是 用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表述的主题思 想(main idea)。 PART ONE HOW TO GRASP THE MAIN IDEA The comprehension questions directed towards the main idea (the question patterns)The main idea (central thought ) of the passage is What is the authors main point?Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?The topic sentence of this passage is What the passage tells us would be summarized by the sentenceThe best summary of the passage is thatThe main purpose of the passage is What is the authors main purpose in the passage?The primary objective of the passage isThe title of this passage would beThe title that best expresses the main idea of the passage?Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The (main) subject of the passage isWhich of the following best the theme of the passage?What topic is treated in this passage?The passage states (illustrates, discusses, deals with, is concerned about, describes)To grasp the main idea identifying the topic sentence (Just remember this: the topic sentenceshould state the main idea of the paragraph, and every idea, every detail, in the paragraph should relate to the idea set forth in the topic sentence.) Skills To grasp the main idea by identifying the topic sentence To grasp the main idea by writing a mental headline or title. PART TWO HOW TO FIND SPECIFIC DETAILS一篇文章除了有主题思想以外,还必须有一些具 体的内容用来说明、理解、证明或分析文章的 主题,这些具体的内容就是文章的细节。在阅 读理解测试中,大多数考题是针对这些细节而 设计的,目的在于考查考生对组成文章的主体 部分的理解程度。因此,在掌握文章主旨大意 的基础上,还要抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主 要事实或有关细节,领会文章的内在联系。文 章主旨的事实或细节是主题的补充说明,也是 加强主题的要素。一般情况下,说明主题的排 列方式采用:因果关系、对比关系、简单列举 、时间顺序或依据事件之重要性等。 为了准确地捕捉到辅助、支撑主题思想所需要的 信 息,在阅读中应注意: 1、中心内容和具体内容的关系是辩证的,只 有抓住文章的主要内容才能确定有关具体内容 的准确位置。同样,如果对文章具体内容有较 为全面的理解,就能更好地判明文章的主题。2、文章的细节,即某个具体事实并不是孤立 的,它总要与其他事实前后呼应,相同性质的 事实总会在一起出现。 3、看懂文章的组织结构对迅速捕捉到所需要 的信息也同样起着重要的作用。 细节性问题是关于Supporting Details类的问题 ,通过Skimming找出主题后,应进一步掌握阐 述和发展主题的主要事实,或按要求找出特定 细节。 在回答此类问题时,应采用查读法( Scanning),因为这些具体内容(Detai1s)是 用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题目 常以“WH-“形式来提问,如who, what, when, where, why及how等形式。这些问 题的表达常不采用文章中的原话提问,而是使 用同义词语等,因此,在选择答案前应首先看 准题干,看清问题所问究竟;然后,在查读时 注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语;最后,在充 分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。 当然,这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广 的。有的涉及数字计算,如问时间、距离 、次数、数量等,认真计算后方可选定正 确答案;有的涉及正误判断,要先看选项 ,根据选项提供的线索,寻视文中相应部 分,最后在题中选出肯定答案;还有的寻 问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之,做 细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了 解和认识做出想像判断,一定要紧扣文章 内容,不可随心所欲。 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种:Which of the following is NOT true/false according to the information in the passage?Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?The author mentions all of the following except . . .The reason for . . .is . . .The author states that . . .According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .Which of the following is true/correct?Example 1:Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark -alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for metal- and-plastic pump -convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadnt. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U. S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning ( 禁止 ) the device . The recall may hurt Symbion Inc., maker of the Jarvik-7, but it wont end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patients chest. The first sample products arent expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they11 work- and that Americas overextended healthcare programs will lose a precious $ 2.5 billion to $ 5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures( 开支)cut into funding for more basic care , the net effect could actually be a decline in the nations health. 1. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart p
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