Unit Two The Differences Between English and ChineseGeneral Description English 表音Chinese 表意 English多音节 Chinese单音节,四声 English综合型 Chinese分析型 English重形合 Chinese重意合 English静态语言 Chinese动态语言 English无灵Chinese有灵 English多样性Chinese重复性 English多长句 Chinese多短句 English后开放Chinese前开放 English多被动 Chinese多主动 Cultural differences 石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时 时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时 ，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势， 使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室 。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏 始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮尸，实 十石狮尸。试释是事. 综合与分析型 综合型语言:指该语言主要通过词本身的形 态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等） 。 e.g. he（主格）him（宾格）his（所有格）dog（单数）dogs（复数）She is doing her homework。 She did her homework yesterday. She has done her homework. 分析型语言:指该语言中的语法关系不通过 词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词 、词序等手段来表示。 e.g. 克服困难；困难的问题综合与分析型 “比起来,还是中国文化看得开些 阴阳不分,古今同在,众寡通融,真 是了无绊碍。文法这么简单,省下来 的时间拿来做什么呢? 拿来嘛 西方人做梦也想不到拿来推敲 平仄,对对子了,哈哈! ” 余光中Verbs （动词） 英文中的动词形态有人称、数、时态和语 态的变化；而汉语中的动词则相对简单， 没有人称和数的变化。 英语动词有不定式、动名词、分词等多种 非谓语动词形式；而汉语动词没有这些变 化。但在汉语中，一句话可以有一个以上 的动词，英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词 。 汉语中的兼语句是英语中所没有的一种特 殊句型。动词的变化 (数，时态，语态） It rains everyday recently.最近天天下雨。 It rained yesterday.昨天下了场雨。 It is going to rain.要下雨了。 It is raining hard outside.外面正下大雨呢！ The window was broken.窗户被砸碎了。 They loved each other and there is no love lost between them. 他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没什么感情可言了。 This pot is made of stainless steel.这个锅是(用)不锈钢 做的。 Enough attention has been paid to that problem.那个问 题已经引起了足够的重视。兼语句 我见他正在读书。 老师让他进去。 真抱歉，让您久等了 。 大家选他当班长。 I saw him reading books The teacher let him in . Im really sorry to have kept you waiting . We made him our monitor.Nouns customs(海关) He put his hands into his pockets. 他把手插进了口袋。 They had their lunch at half past twelve today.今天他们十二点半吃的午饭。 Anna, who was here a moment ago , left this note.安娜刚才来过，是她留下的这张条子。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个零件上都有国家的标志 。 God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。Adjectives the civilian was, therefore, an easy victim to the guileless arts of this good natured diplomatist and was ready to do, to purchase, hire, or relinquish whatever his friend thought fit. 好在乔斯是肯听人调度的，都宾又是除了自 己的事之外都肯出力死干的。这好性子的家 伙手段实在圆滑，把那印度官儿笼络的言听 计从，该买什么，该租什么，什么事该办， 什么东西该脱手，全让他做主。多样性与重复性 Having partaken of a copious breakfast, with fish, and rice , and hard eggs, at Southampton 他在沙乌撒泼顿吃过一顿丰盛的早饭， 有鱼，有米饭，有煮老鸡蛋长句与短句 请试译下列两句话，并将译文写在一张字条上 ： In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 试比较： 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的 雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六 色，大小不一。 这是一位年老的妇女,身材苗条高挑,尽管岁月 留下的皱纹已经爬上了她的脸,当他停下,转过 身,眼睛落在她身上. 他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，原来是个年 迈的妇女。她身材修长，虽受岁月折磨而显 得憔悴，但风韵犹存。前开放与后开放 This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. 这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦芽。 那屋子是杰克盖的。 好！ 她唱得好。 我听她唱得好。 开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。 那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。 我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。句子重心 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了,只得呆在家里。 His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been petting from him. 他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是 知识，这是他最大的贡献。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms, and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌 握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。主动与被动 Great progress has been made . Not only is the sun now used for cooking, but it also supplies power for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes; it operates telephone lines, movie cameras, portable radios, electric clocks, and hearing aids. It is also being used to operate communications satellites. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being heated with solar energy. 人们在使用太阳能方面取得了很大进展。太阳能现 在不仅用来做饭，而且用来为给轮船和飞机导航的 信标灯提供电能，它为电话线路、电影摄影机、袖 珍收音机、电钟和助听器提供工作电源。目前它还 用于操纵通讯卫星。现在，美国的一些家庭和办公 室也靠太阳能供热。 文化差异（Cultural Differences ） 自然环境不同 风俗习惯与观念不同 历史文化背景不同 宗教信仰不同 联想意义上的不同 英汉语言转换时的突出问题 长与短(长句的翻译部分) 主与被(被动语态的翻译) 肯与否（肯定与否定之间的转换） 动与静 抽象化与具体化 有灵动词与无灵动词 形合法和意合法 课堂练习oHe was an able and a successful one. oYou shouldnt be sensitive about ones clothing. oTheir experiment has been over. oI saw you out with a boy yesterday. oIt is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. oPregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.课堂练习oThe stars twinkled in transparent clarity. oAnger choked his words. oDawn met him well along the way. oA lot of troubles visited the poor family. oWe took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. oAs she talked on she got more and more excited. 课堂练习答案o他为人能干，事业成功。 o你不要太注重衣着了。 o他们的实验已经结束了。 o昨天我看见你和一个男孩上街了。 o它的主