Unit Fourteen* *1 1ContentsnIntroductionnText (A) analysisnSome comments on writingnText (B) analysisnFurther readingnExercisesDateDate2 2IntroductionnWritten by Bruce Alberts, editor-in-Chief of Science, Text A gives some advice to the young who wish to become scientists in the future. nText B explains what makes a scientific paper and the popular format. DateDate3 3Text analysisText A On Becoming a ScientistDateDate4 4Bruce Albertsnpresident emeritus(荣誉主席) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and chair of the National Research Council (1993-2005), has been named by the Board of Directors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to serve as editor-in- chief of its journal Science beginning 1 March 2008. DateDate5 5Text StructurenPart I (para. 14)nIt is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors wisely. nPart II (para. 57)nBesides technical skills, it is critical to be able to design research strategies. DateDate6 6Answer the questionsn1. What has the author learned at Harvard? (para 1)n2. How can a person think and function as a scientist? (para 1)n3. What is the first piece of advice that Albert gives to prospect scientists in helping them select their mentors? (para 2)DateDate7 7Answer the questionsn4. According to Albert, what are the criteria for a good advisor? (para 3, 4)n5. How important is it for scientist be able to design research strategies? (para 6)DateDate8 8Language pointsPara 11. apprenticeshipserve ones with sb. 做某人学徒serve out ones 学徒期满, 出师 2. mentor - a wise and trusted counselor or teacher 贤明和忠实的顾问或良师, 导师, 指导者DateDate9 9Para 2nnot nearly - 绝不, 相差甚远, 远非nethical standard - 道德规范nconsult about the matter 商议此事nconsult with counsel 与法律顾问商议nconsult for a large building firm为大型建筑 公司做咨询工作DateDate1010Para 4nempower sb. to do sth. - 授权某人做某事ninnovate - nv.tr. to begin or introduce (something new) for or as if for the first time 革新： 第一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）nv.intr. to begin or introduce something new 创新：开始或介绍新东西DateDate1111WritingBecause so much of ones scientific future is shaped by early experiences, it is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors wisely. But what constitutes a “good” choice is not always obvious. Please write an essay of 300 words on how to choose your mentor/supervisor for graduate students. DateDate1212Text BWhat Is a Scientific Paper?DateDate1313Questions for comprehension1. How does the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) define primary literature?2. What kind of process is peer-review? 3. Why has the writer belabored on the definition of scientific paper?4. In terms of organization, what is the most popular order of a scientific paper?5. Does IMRAD format apply to each research field? Why or why not? 6. What should be the main concerns of scientists and editors in reporting data?DateDate1414NO. 1According to the CBE, an acceptable primary scientific publication must be the first disclosure containing the sufficient information to enable peers (1)to assess observations, (2) to repeat experiments, and (3) to evaluate intellectual processes; moreover, it must be susceptible to sensory perception, essentially permanent, available to the scientific community without restriction, and available for regular screening by one or more of the major recognized secondary services.DateDate1515NO. 2Peer-review refers to the process through which a research paper is critically evaluated prior to publication, by scientists with in-depth knowledge of the authors area of research or investigation, to ensure that the work under review is accurate, reliable, well- written, and worthy of publication; the process is generally guided by an editor who makes the final decision. DateDate1616NO. 3 (1)He did it for two reasons. First, to get rid the confusion. The community of science has long been unable or unwilling to define primary publication. As a result, much of the literature is buried in meeting abstracts, obscure conference reports, government publications, or in books or journals of minuscule circulation. Other papers, in the same or slightly altered form, are published twice or more often; occasionally, this is the result of poor ethics on the part of the author, but more often it is the lack of definition as to which conference reports, books, and compilations are (or should be) primary publications and which are not redundancy and confusion result. DateDate1717NO. 3 (2)Second, to help graduate student or the budding scientist. A scientific paper is, by definition, a particular kind of document containing certain specified kinds of information. A scientific paper “demands exactly the same qualities of thought as are needed for the rest of science: logic, clarity, and precision.” If the graduate student or the budding scientist (and even some of those scientists who have already published many papers) can fully grasp the significance of this definiti