English Speech(英语演讲)西方人把“舌头、美元和电脑”当作当今的 “三大战略武器”；刘勰在文心雕龙论说 中写道“一人之辩，重于九鼎之宝，三寸 之舌，强于百万之师”之说；著名演说家林 肯曾说：“口才辅佐事业成功。”里根的“口 价”每小时6万美金。由此可见，对于立志成 为开拓型、创造型、复合型的青年人来说 ，英语口才显得尤其重要。Half the world is composed of people who have something to say and cant; the other half have nothing to say and keep saying it. 1. 演讲的界说指在特定的时空环境中，以有声 语言和相应的体态语言为手段，公 开向听众传递信息，表述见解，阐 明事理，抒发感情，以期达到感召 听众的目的。2. 演讲的特征a) 演讲是一种具有现实性和艺术性 的社会实践活动b) 演讲必须在特定的时空环境中进 行c) 演讲离不开有声语言与体态语言3. 演讲的社会功能 政治斗争的有力武器 经济活动的理想筹码 传播知识的有效途径 人才考核的重要尺度美国的大学，不管是理工科还是 文史类，都把基础作文法和演讲学 规定为必修。日本、新加坡等国规 定：政府工作人员要进行3个月到 半年的演讲训练才能上岗工作。4. 演讲类型 可从目的、场合、内容、表现手法、演讲 者的身份、准备情况等角度划分。 Memorized Speech: 背诵讲稿，演说时凭记忆讲 出； Extempore Speech: 以纸条写下讲稿提纲，演讲 时偶尔拿出参考； Impromptu Speech or Extemporaneous speaking: 毫无准 备的即兴演讲；5. 备稿演讲（Prepared Speech）-“工欲善其事，必先利其器。” 1）演讲稿的特征：声传性 （口语化 的文章）；临场性；整体性。 2）演讲稿的结构：“凤头豹尾”“虎头 蛇尾”A. Introduction(1) 设问式开头 (2) 叙事式开头Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Addresseg1. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.(3) 解题式开头 (4) 明旨式开头eg2. Ronald Reagan leads the nation in mourning for the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion, Washington, D.C., January 28, 1986.Ladies and gentlemen:Id planned to speak to you tonight to report on the state of the Union, but the events of earlier today have led me to change those plans. Today is a day for mourning and remembering. Nancy and I are pained to the core by the tragedy of the shuttle Challenger. We know we share this pain with all of the people of our country. This is truly a national loss.(5) 抒情式开头eg3. I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. (I Have a Dream) (6) 示物式开头B. Body C. Conclusion(1) 总结式结尾 (2) 感召式结尾eg4.And let me say to everyone listening or watching tonight: When the troops weve sent in finish their work, Im determined to bring them home as soon as possible. Tonight, as our forces fight, they and their families are in our prayers.May God bless each and every one of them, and the coalition forces at our side in the Gulf, and may He continue to bless our nation, the United States of America.(3) 抒情式结尾 (4) 警言式结尾 (5) 呼应式结尾eg5. The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye, and “slipped the surly bonds of earth“ to “touch the face of God.“6. 即兴演讲(Impromptu Speech)An impromptu speech is one delivered on the spur of the moment with no specific preparation. 即兴演讲的特点： 演讲者依据现场感受，临时发表演讲，靠 的是“临阵磨枪”，准备仓促。 主题单一，篇幅短小，容量有限，时间短 促，往往只有三、五分钟。从字数上来说 ，只有三、五百字左右。 由于即兴演讲的场合特殊，发言时间又不 能过长，所以特别要做到立意深刻、内容 新颖、构思敏捷、语言简洁。7.演讲技巧1）克服心理障碍，树立演讲的自信心Theodore Roosevelt, “Every new public speaker will feel nervous. Nervousness doesnt mean cowardice, but an exceeding stimulate in nervousness.” 2) 准备周全，有备无患Abraham Lincoln, “A man cant make a systematic speech without full preparation, even though he may be capable.”He who fails to plan is planning for failure. 1. Speaker 2. Message 3. Audience 4. Channel 5. Feedback 6. Noise 7. Setting As a speaker you should analyze your listeners and then decide how to present your ideas.This analysis might include considerations related to: - Age - Sex - Marital Status - Race - Geographic location - Group membership - Education - Career3) 口齿要清晰，语音语调要准确、流 畅、自然；停顿、节奏要明朗；语速 、音高和声音刚柔要处理恰当，尽可 能给听众一种美的享受。4)巧用人称代词，拉近与听众的距离。My fellow Americans You, your, You should, You must 5)避免过多使用主观色彩太强的词句 。 I think, I feel, I am sure, Maybe, They say etc. 6）使用短句比长句更佳。 7）巧妙运用英语中的修辞手段。 a) We left America safe, we left America secure, we left America free still a beacon of hope to mankind, still a light unto nations. (Ronald Reagan) b) Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. (Martin Luther King) c) We will be candid, consistent, and confident. (Geral Ford) d) The task is heavy, the toil is long, and the trials will be severe. (Winston Churchill)8. 演讲的评议1) 演讲的内容：主要评议演讲的主 题、材料、结构。主题是灵魂； 材料是血肉；结构是骨架。（50% ） We will deal not so much with speeches that sound good as with speeches that are good and sound. Not so much with speeches that bring people to their feet as with speeches that bring people to their senses. (Mario Cuomo)2) 有声语言表达技巧：主要评议文 词、发音和可闻度。文词要求准确 、鲜明、生动，“上口入耳”，优美 风趣；发音要求准确清晰、清亮圆 润，符合英语发音规范；可闻度要 求声音洪亮，声调抑扬顿挫，富有 感情，有强烈的感染力。（20%）3) 体态语言表达技巧：主要评议眼 神运用、面部表情、手势动作、举 止仪表。（20%） 4） 现场效果：主要考察演讲者的控 场能力，考察演讲者如何利用听众 的反馈信息进行增删调整，使演讲 顺利进行。（10%）SummaryA speech needs time to grow. Prepare for weeks,