Chapter 4 Development of English VocabularyWhere does English come from?Why is it named English?In what way is English related to other languages?What is the size of the vocabulary of the first settlers in England?How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary?Language families4.1 Indo-European language familyEast GermanicGothicWest Germanic EnglishWest Germanic GermanWest Germanic DutchWest Germanic Afrikaans (from Dutch）West Germanic YiddishNorth Germanic Old NorseNorth Germanic SwedishNorth Germanic NorwegianNorth Germanic IcelandicNorth Germanic DanishRomance languagesLatinRomantic FrenchRomantic SpanishRomantic PortugueseRomantic ItalianCeltic Irish GaelicCeltic Scottish GaelicCeltic WelshCeltic BretonThe top 10 languages (L1) (million)Mandarin Chinese (726)English (427)Spanish (266)Hindi (182)Arabic (181)Portuguese (165)Bengali (162)Russian (158)Japanese (124)German (121)Several facts:Chinese has the biggest L1 speaking population.English is the most widely used language in the World.Spanish is the second most widely used language.4.2 English & its Historical DevelopmentOnly a few traces of the Celtic language have survived from this period. The survived Celtic words are mainly used in peoples surnames or the names of places. (E.g. Blair, Kevin, Oven, Sullivan, the Thames, Cornwall, Devonshire, etc.) The original accents of the British Isles were altered and revised by repeated waves of invaders that crossed the Channel in historic time; such as, the Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings, and finally the Normans.It was in A.D. 43 that the Emperor Claudius decided to undertake the actual conquest of Britain.Later campaigns soon brought almost all of what is now England under Roman rule. In A.D. 399-400, Roman troops left Britain to defend Italy. The year A.D. 410 marked the essential termination of Roman authority in Britain.The Romans invaded Britain and ruled the Celts from A.D. 43-410 Some Roman terms were being integrated into English. E.g. caseus in Latin, Kaese in Anglo-Saxon (German), and cheese in English Latin did not replace the Celtic language in Britain. West Germanic invaders from Jutland and southern Denmark: the Angles ( the source of the words England and English), Saxons, and Jutes, began populating the British Isles in the fifth and sixth centuries.A.D. 731, Teutonic tribes settled in Britain: Saxon, Jutes, and Angles eventually forming England (Land of the Angles) The vocabulary of this period was almost purely Teutonic (Germanic). Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period, A.D. 450-1150 The invaders spoke a mutually intelligible language, Old English.They pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland; leaving behind a few Celtic words.Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period, A.D. 450-1150These Celtic languages survive today in Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland and in Welsh. The majority of words in modern English come from foreign, not Old English roots. However, about half of the most commonly used words in modern English have Old English roots. Words like be, water, and strong, for example, derive from Old English roots.In A.D. 597, St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 priests from Italy.The spreading of Christianity had an effect on the language of Britain. Latin words started to entered the everyday speech of the people. Such words as those which follow were just the beginning of the introduction of Latin into English:angel (Middle English), engel (Old English), Angelus (Latin) devel (Middle English), deofol (Old English), diabolus (Latin) priest (Middle English), preost (Old English), presbyter (Latin) The Venerable Bede (673-735), English historian, theologian, and scientist, made Latin an important part of learning in England by writing about grammar, poetry, astronomy, Greek and Latin literature, arithmetic, and Biblical exegesis. All his works were written in Latin.In A.D. 789, the Vikings began raiding and plundering Britain with fire and sword.In subsequent years, countless other raiders, first from Norway, then from Denmark, plundered and settled in England and the islands off its coasts. In A.D. 870, the Vikings destroyed the last monastic schools in Northern Britain.The Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia no longer existed. Only Wessex, under the leadership of Alfred, rallied in stubborn resistance and initiated the long, slow struggle to reconquer England for the English.In A.D. 871-899, Alfred the Great served as the first king of England and he was responsible for the revival of law, religion, and learning.King Alfred is credited with the saving of England from complete occupation and destruction by the Vikings.A great part of England absorbed lasting and indelible traces of Scandinavian culture. English and Scandinavian languages intertwined as their users turned f