English Rhythmic Structure nThe variety of syllable types is more limited; nVowel reduction in unstressed syllables is unlikely. 4 4nLloyd James likens stress-timed rhythm to Morse code signals (long dashes and short dots) and syllable-timed rhythm to “machine gun” or staccato patterns (1940). nLearners whose native language is syllable-timed have difficulty learning English rhythm, but with exposure and increasing proficiency, they will acquire some of the characteristics of stress timing. 5 5Evidence from Instrumental testing？nInstrumental testing has failed to confirm some of the perceptual characteristics of stress-timed languages (Dauer 1983, Ramus et al. 1999). nIn stress-timed languages, stresses are heard as occurring at equal intervals in time (isochrony); in syllable-timed languages, the time between stresses is more variable. nHowever, instrumental measurements reveal that stresses in English (a stress-timed language) are no more regular than those in syllable-timed languages (Dauer 1983).6 6nInformation about the stress-timed nature of English rhythm is included in many pronunciation textbooks and helps students understand and become aware of the general nature of English rhythm. 7 7Rhythmic Structures in English Utterancesn1. Rhythm and Stressn2. Rhythm and Sound Linkingn3. Rhythm and Weak Forms8 81. Rhythm and Stress1. Rhythm and Stress9 910101111Pronunciation1212终于被点燃1313nStress and unstressed syllablesnLonger syllables and shorter onesnBoundaries between syllables not clear nSound change occurs when unstressed1414nStress: the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence 1515nStressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than non-stressed syllables 16161717The first feature for stressed syllablesThe first feature for stressed syllablesIt is longer.It is longer.It takes longer to say “growth” and “It takes longer to say “growth” and “pepe”.”.1818The second feature for stressed syllablesThe second feature for stressed syllablesIt is Louder.It is Louder.The relative amplitudes of the syllable “growth” and “The relative amplitudes of the syllable “growth” and “pepe” increase.” increase.1919The third feature for stressed syllablesThe third feature for stressed syllablesIt has a change in pitch.It has a change in pitch.The pitch of “growth” and “The pitch of “growth” and “pepe” is usually higher. ” is usually higher. 2020The forth feature for stressed syllablesThe forth feature for stressed syllablesIt is said more clearly. It is said more clearly. The vowel sound in the stressed syllable is usually a full vowel.The vowel sound in the stressed syllable is usually a full vowel.2121The fifth feature for stressed syllablesThe fifth feature for stressed syllablesIt uses larger facial movements.It uses larger facial movements.You will see more noticeable jaw movements when you say You will see more noticeable jaw movements when you say the syllables “growth” and “ the syllables “growth” and “pepe”.”.2222Five features for stressed syllables:It is longer. It is Louder. It has a change in pitch. It is said more clearly. It uses larger facial movements. 2323Features for a stressed syllable: It is longer: It takes longer to say “growth” and “pe” in the phrase “growth and prosperity”. It is Louder: the relative amplitudes of the syllable “growth” and “pe” increase. It has a change in pitch: The pitch of “growth” and “pe” is usually higher than the unstressed syllables coming before and afterwards. It is said more clearly: The vowel sound in the stressed syllable is usually a full vowel while those in unstressed syllables can be reduced vowels. It uses larger facial movements - Look in the mirror and you will see more noticeable jaw movements when you say the syllables “growth” and “pe” than other syllables. 2424鲜 艳 夺 目 2525终于被点燃2626Two Chinese syllables: 医院Two Chinese syllables: 觉得 (the second syllable with weak stress)2727n活动 hudong hudngn运气 ynqi ynq n对头 dutou dutun孙子 snzi snzn兄弟 xingdi xingd2828n 活动 hudng（n）“广场上正在举行盛大的庆祝”。 活动 hudong（v）“你得经常活动才行”。n运气 ynq（v）“练气功首先得学会从丹田运气。” 运气 ynqi（n）“你真是运气。”2929孙子snz（n）孙子在当时很有名气。（指战国时军事家） 孙子snzi（n）他的孙子都有好几个了。（指儿子的儿子）报仇 bochu（v）他发誓要报仇雪恨。 报酬 bochou（n）他们主动上街为民服务，不求报酬。东西 dngx（词组）（指方向）我都分不清东西南北了。 东西 dngxi（n）（指物件）你把东西放哪儿了？3030汉语声调统计静态统计：n一声 20%左右，二声 23%左右，n三声 20%左右，四声 35%左右，n轻声 5%左右现实动态语流统计：n一声 20%左右，二声 23%左右n三声 5%左右，四声 35%左右，n轻声 20%左右3131I shall have to try and get some cash from our bank at lunchtime. Then we can let them have the money that they want as soon as they like. What are they asking us to pay them?3232I shall have to try and get some cash from our bank at lunchtime. Then we can let them have the money that they want as soon as they like. What are they asking us to pay them? (15/41)3333nWord stress: key to understandingnSentence stress: 1. To indicate the importan