VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 1Ahead of your needsShrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding management虾的营养需求和饲养管理 Jacques Gabaudan, VMA 葛博顿 博士VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 2vOmnivorous feeding behavior; active detritivore; forager, but not as aggressive as stylirostris.vDiurnal and nocturnal feeding behavior 白天和夜间喂食习惯vLow protein requirements in juvenile and sub-adult phases (18-20% in the lab; 25-35% in the field) 幼虾和小虾阶段对蛋白需求低（实验室18-20%，野外25-35%）vFeed conversions generally 1.0 1.4 under ideal conditions 在理想状态下FCR通常为1.0-1.4Nutritional characteristics of L. Vannamei南美白对虾的营养特征VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 3Protein NRC 1993VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 12Lipid requirement脂类需求量 Most studies indicate that best survival and weight gain is obtained with dietary level of one or a mixture of oils ranging from5 to 8 % and 16-18 MJ/kg* An excess of lipids increases the lipid concentration of the hepatopancreas which reduces the metabolic rate L. vannamei have a requirement for n-3 (linolenic) and n-6 fatty (linoleic) acids as well as for HUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) 0.5% n-3 and 0.5% n-6HUFAS show a greater nutritive value than PUFAS Best sources are : fish oil, linseed oil and soybean oilSources: DAbramo 1998 and Lim et al 1997* GEVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 13Dietary cholesterol and soy lecithin (PL)饲料中的胆固醇和大豆磷脂 Crustaceans cannot synthesize sterols de novo and therefore require a dietary source of sterols for survival and growth.Cholesterol has a high nutrutive value as a source of sterols which are precursors of steroid and molting hormones. Phospholipids accelerate transport of cholesterol and other lipids and were found to be indispensible to support growth and survival. Interaction between cholesterol and phospholipids is higly significant:Gong-Hui et al. 2000L. vannameiVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 14Carbohydrates碳水化合物 Shrimp utilize carbohydrates for energy but efficiency varies with source and dietary level. Polysaccharides are better utilized than monosaccharides Carbohydrates have a sparing effect on the utilization of proteins Few studies with L. vannameiVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 15Mineral requirements 矿物需求Davis and Lawrence, 1997Interactions between Ca and P Juvenile L. monodon grew better with no supplemental Ca and 0.5% supp. P than with Ca and 0.5, 1.0 or more supp. P (Penaflorida, 1999)Ca should therefore be kept low in the formula in order to minimize supplemental PVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 16Vitamin requirements维生素需求量Per kg feedVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 17Chemoattractants and feeding stimulants化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物 Shrimp/fish utilize “chemical signals” to identify and orient towards prey, vision Chemoattractants work from a distance while stimulants function upon contact with chemoreceptors Chemical classes : amino acids, nucleotides, small amines, small peptides, organic acids and hexoses. These chemicals are common metabolites of marine animals. Complex mixtures elicit stronger responses than individual chemicals.Sites for chemoreceptor cells in shrimpVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 18Chemoattractants 100% of feed on trays; check all trays; measures actual consumption; labor-intensive; not commonvIndicator method: 1-2 trays/ha.; sub-sampling; estimate consumption; low labor; most popularFeeding tray strategies投饲盘策略VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 30Checking feed trays 检查投料盘Clifford, 2002VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 31Peruvian feed tray method 秘鲁投料盘方法Clifford, 2002VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 32vDeploy 25-30 trays per ha. for 25 shrimp/m; add one tray/ha for each additional shrimp/m. This is equivalent to 10,000 shrimp/tray.vTrays placed 20 m apart, 5-10 m from dike; position changed after each harvest.vWeeks 1-2 of cycle: no trays3rd week: use trays, but no adjustmentsvRemove uneaten feed, measure volumetrically, and convert to weight basis.vFeed 3-6x/day, depending upon age of shrimp.vDont feed at night due to difficulty of reading trays.vWorkers motivated by bonuses linked to FCR and growth.Peruvian method Example from Brazil 秘鲁方法 - 来自巴西的实例Clifford, 2002VitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 33Vannamei is capable of very low FCRs 南美白对虾可以达到很低的FCRVitaminsJ. Gabaudan,VMA # 34vAverage cost of production*: US$ 3.30-3.60/kg whole shrimpvCost of feed: US$ 0.85 1.30/kg whole shrimpFeed25 - 35%Post-larvae15 - 20%Labor10 - 20%Fuel steadily increasing production, but slow growth due to high costs, overregulation, limited growing seasonvMexico, Guatemala: able to produce despite WSSVvColombia: good selective breeding programvPanama: center for nauplii poor farm productionvEcuador, Honduras: low cost, extensive producers vPeru: industry troubledVannamei production in the Americas Highlights美洲南美白对虾的生产