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第五章 单组元相图及纯金属的凝固Chapter 5 Phase Diagrams for a Single-component system and Solidification of Pure Metals(Chapter 9 principles and Applications of Solidification P245)11 单元系相变的热力学及相平 衡 2 液态金属的凝固过程 3 晶核的形成4 晶体的成长5 金属凝固动力学及晶粒尺寸6 凝固理论的实际应用举例21 单元系相变的热力学及相平衡一 相律(Gibbs phase rule)组元:组成一个体系的基本单元。相:体系中具有相同物理和化学性质的,且 与其它部分以界面分开的均匀部分。相律:f = C P + 2f 体系的自由度C 体系的组元数P 相数f = C P + 1.压力不变时3自由度 f 是当系统为平衡状态时,在不改变相 的数目情况下,可独立改变的因素(如成分、温度 和压力)。 相律的应用1 确定系统中最多可存在的平衡相数Pmax由f = CP2 ,得P = C2 - f,f0时,Pmax= C2C=1,Pmax= 12=3:单组分系统最多可三相共存C=2,Pmax= 22=4:二组分系统最多可四相共存C=3,Pmax= 32=5:三组分系统最多可五相共存42 确定系统中最大自由度数由f = CP2 及P1知,当P= 1时,自由度数 f 有极大值 fmax, Fmax= C12=C1例 C=1,fmax= 112=2:单组分系统最多有两个独立变量,可 做pT二维相图C=2,fmax= 212=3:二组分系统最多有三个变量,可做三维相图C=3,fmax= 312=4:单组分系统最多有四个变量,可做四维相图若指定温度或压力,可做其它类型相图5Gibbs Phase RulenFrom thermodynamic considerations, Gibbs derived an equation that computes the number of phases that can coexist in equilibrium in a chosen system. This equation, called Gibbs phase rule, isP+F=C+2 Where P=number of phases that coexist in a chosen system C=number of components in the system F=degrees of freedom 6nUsually a component C is an element, component, or solution in the system. F, the degrees of freedom, is the number of variables ( pressure, temperature, and composition) that can be changed independently without changing the number of phases in equilibrium in the chosen system.7nGibbs phase rule relates the number of degrees of freedom at equilibrium, to the number of components, in the system, the number of phases in equilibrium, and the two state variables temperature and pressure. 8nThe number of degrees of freedom available to the system at equilibrium is the number of variables that can be independently adjusted without disturbing equilibrium.9二 单组分系统的相图单组分相图的相律分析相律表达式:f = 3 - P单组分系统最大自由度为2,相图可用二维平面图表示,变量为温 度和压力:pt图(1)P=1,f=2。两个独立变量T 和p。“面”,称单相面(2)P=2,f=1。只有一个独立变量T或p。 p= f(T),或T=f(p)。“ 线”,称两相线(3)P=3,f=0。无独立变量,p、T一定。三相点(triple point)相图学习要点 搞清每种相图中的点、线、面的含义,及相律的 指导作用10水的相图 来源:实验1 单相面 线OA与OC、OA与OB、OB与OC分别形成液态水、固态冰和水蒸气的单相面f= 3P3-12三个单相面的自由度均为2。T、p在一定范围内变化,系统均能维持单相。例,当描述系统状态或总的组成的点即系统点(system point)在OA与OC之间,即处于单液相区时,在一定范围内升温或增压,均可维持系统的相态不变,即仍为单液态112 两相线OA、OB、OC分别是水冰、冰气、水气的两相平衡线。OA 称水的凝固曲线或冰的熔化曲线,OB称冰的升华曲线或水蒸气的凝 华曲线,OC称为水的蒸发曲线或水蒸气的液化曲线。线上每一点的坐标代表两相平衡时对应的温度和压力,f = 3P321,自由度均等于1。例,气液平衡,温度升高,压力随之增大,单纯升温,系统将由气液平衡变为单气相注意 (1)OA线的斜率为负,(2)O点处OB斜率大于OC斜率3 三相点O点为水蒸气、水和冰三相共存的三相点,对应的温度、压力 分别为:T=273.16K,p=610.15Paf = 3P330,O点自由度为零。意义:温度和压力的任何变动,都会破坏三相平衡系统的存在1213三 克拉贝龙克劳修斯方程 单组分两相平衡系统中温度 T和压力P的关系可用克-克方程描述H相变潜热 (latent heat )Vm摩尔体积变化T相变温度液固 H0 p-T曲线斜率为正当 Vm0 dp/dTSS, 故GL-T 的下降速度大于GS-T;n4. 必有一交点:对应TM-理论结晶温度。21液态金属结晶的动力过冷度:TTmTn纯铜的冷却曲线理论结晶温度液态金属和固态金属的自由能温度关系曲线22n液 固,单位体积自由能的变化 Gv为(1 )其中:Lm为熔化潜热n T=Tm时,Gv=0 (2)n 将(2)代入(1),即GV 与 T 呈直线关系,过冷度越大,液态和固态 的自由能差值越大,相变驱动力越大,凝固过程加快。23四、 金属的凝固过程-形核,长大t1 形核t3 长大 形成晶 粒t2 形核 并长大 ,有新 的晶核 形成t4 液体 消失, 结晶结 束24nSolidification of metals represents a transformation from a non-crystalline liquid to a crystalline solid.nMost commercial metal objects are frozen from a liquid phase into either their final shapes, called castings, or intermediate forms, called ingots, which are then worked into the final product. 25nAll metallic materials are liquid or molten at some point during processing and molten materials solidify as they cool below their freezing temperature. During the solidification of materials that crystallize, the atomic arrangement of crystallized materials changes from a short-range order to a long-range order.26nThe solidification of crystalline materials requires two steps: in the first step, ultro- fine crystallites, known as the nuclei of a solid phase, form from the liquid. In the second step, which can overlap with the first, the ultra-fine solid crystallites begin to grow as atoms from the liquid are attached to the nuclei until no liquid remains.27nThe solidification of metals occurs by nucleation and growth. some supercooling occurs almost every time a metal is frozen. Further, under appropriate conditions, liquid metals can be cooled to temperatures far below their equilibrium freezing points before solidification begins.283 晶核的形成 (nucleation)形核:在母相中形成等于或超过一定临界大小的新相晶 核的过程 Nucleation refers to the formation of the first nano-sized crystallines from molten material.形核方式有两种:A、均匀形核 (homogeneous nucleation: Formation of a critically sized solid from the liquid by the clustering together of a large number of atoms at a high undercooling)B、非均匀形核(heterogeneous nucleation: Formation of a critically-sized solid from the liquid on an impurity surface)29一、均匀形核(一)均匀形核的能量变化 “结构起伏”的尺寸,大小与温度有关,温度 越低,“结构起伏”尺寸越大,当温度降到熔点以 下时,这种晶坯的尺寸较大,其中的原子组成了 晶态的规则排列,而其外层原子却与液体金属中 不规则排列的原子相接触而构成界面。因此,当 过冷液体中出现晶坯时,一方面由于在这个区域 中原子由液态的聚集状态转变为固态的排列状态 ,使体系的自由能降低(固、液相之间的体积自 由能差);另一方面,由于晶坯构
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