Scientific English WritingTangshan Teachers College New Materials so you should always think about where you are now, and where you will be in a year. Some jobs, though, move slowly, while others move quickly careers have different time-scales.322.4 摘要（Abstract）v3. 具体翔实每个论点都要具体鲜明，直接讲论文“说明什么”，不要使 用概念模糊的词汇。不要使用导言或者某张插图来代替摘要的内容。v例5 1. not all the primary minerals are detrital(碎屑岩); some are formed in place 2. Not all the primary minerals are detrital; at least a part of the iron carbonate, titanate, and feldspars(长石) are formed in place.332.4 摘要（Abstract）v5. 摘要的位置位置：通常放在正文的前面。摘要的完成是在论文写作之后，而不是论文写作之前。 论文要经过反复修改，内容有可能进行调整。342.4 摘要（Abstract）v例6vThe article investigates the factors affecting Chinese postgraduates English oral proficiency. Little practice and fear of errors and unscientific classroom management are found to be the major factors. Also an emphasis on written English instructions seems to be another root cause. A series of methods such as how to organize classroom activities, how to allow the errors in students oral practice, how to meet the needs of the learners and how to improve their oral abilities are presented.352.5 关键词（Key Words）v关键词（Key Words）：主题词最能代表论文中心内容特征的词或词组。便于编制索引和计算机检索；有助于读者了解主题。v关键词的位置摘要下方空1-2行。v选择标准根据最新权威性专业词汇（如中国科学院科学出版社出 版的专业词汇）从论文中选出；从论文中直接选出。一般为3-10个。选择不当：影响读者对论文的理解，影响检索效果。362.5 关键词（Key Words）v选择关键词的方法主旨一致：读者能大致判断论文内容的词或词组。选词精炼：同义词、近义词不要并列为关键词；复杂的 有机化合物一般以基本结构的名称作关键词，化学分子 式、数学公式不作关键词。统一规范：准确体现不同学科的名称和术语。产生：大多从标题和摘要中；从论文中选择。新专业词汇：一些新的、尚未被出版社出版的专业词汇 所收录的重要术语。372.5 关键词（Key Words）v例1“形状记忆合金螺旋弹簧设计方法示例分析”： 关键词：shape memory alloy（形状记忆合金）；coil spring （螺旋弹簧）；designing methods（设计方法）；example analysis（示例分析）。“非线性回归模型的应用” 关键词：nonlinear regression（非线性回归）；models（模型 ）；estimation of parameters（参数估计）；prognosis（预测 ）。382.5 关键词（Key Words）v关键词的写法关键词间用分号分开。大小写1）实词的首字母大写2）全部小写（专有名词除外）v例 2Copper；Cupric Sulfate；Production Methodcopper；cupric Sulfate；production method392.6 引言（Introduction）v引言（Introduction）前言：长篇论文中也称为导论、导言、绪言、绪论等。 内容：是全文的帽子，初步介绍文章内容，解释文章的 主题、目的等。 1）论文写作的情况及背景。 2）论文的主题和目的。 Introduction：也可以没有（如一段文字）。不重述摘要，不对实验的理论、方法和结果作详尽叙述 ，也不提前使用结论和建议。 参考文献：仔细加以选择，以便提供最重要的背景材料 。 写作基调：根据读者对象的层次和特点决定哪些术语需 要明确定义，哪些实验程序应加以说明。402.6 引言（Introduction）v写作方法1. 直述主题开头法2. 问题开头方法3. 引语开头法4. 定义开头法5. 利用统计数字开头法6. 假设情景开头法412.6 引言（Introduction）v1. 直述主题开头法在引言的第一句话中，直接点透论文的主题，然后再开 始叙述其它内容。422.6 引言（Introduction）v例1vWriting is one of the most difficult tasks for language learners. It is very much the case in learning English. Many students who have been learning English for many years are very poor in writing at the sentence level. Some of the compositions are often even not revisable, because the sentences written do not make any sense. On the other hand, few students can write well in English. Why? A survey on students study habits shows that habits of learning really make a difference in students writing proficiency. (to be continued)432.6 引言（Introduction）v(continuing) Those who can write good English usually have good study habits and good reading-habits in particular. They pay much more attention to ideas while reading. Language-learning is a thinking process. Thinking is involved in every task of learning from reading to speaking, and especially writing. Good writing needs creative thinking. So to develop students thinking is very important in helping students to write. And this should be done through the process of learning. This paper discusses four areas of suggestions on developing students thinking.442.6 引言（Introduction）v2. 利用问题开头的方法为了引起读者的注意，采用一个问题或一系列问题开头 是引言写作中一种十分有效的方法。给人以悬念。容易吸引读者，也便于读者了解论文的内 容和进行检索时决定取舍。注意：所提的向题必须在论文中进行解答，同时所提的 问题必须是文章中的内容。452.6 引言（Introduction）v例2vWhat are the chances of a nuclear war in the near future? How many Americans would survive a nuclear attack? Would such an attack make living conditions impossible for the survivors? These and similar questions are being asked by citizens groups throughout this country as they debate the issue of arms control and nuclear disarmament.462.6 引言（Introduction）v3. 引语开头法引语开头容易引起读者的注意。 所引的话最好是有一定权威性的著作、名人的名言、或 某一技术领域、专业权威人士的文字或语言。v例3v“There are no such things as incurables”, said Bernard Baruch, “There are only things for which man has not found a cure.” A lifetime in medical practice, education and research has convinced me, too, that we need not accept disease as an inescapable human destiny, despite our lack of information about many forms of human illness.472.6 引言（Introduction）v4. 定义开头法用定义对文中所要论述的主题开头有利于作者表达，这 样既可以点明论文的主题又可以对文中将要论述的中心 词进行必要的解释。有时定义单用一句话解释不全，就 要使用一段文字对其进行定义。v例4vA nurse is one who looks after patients. She helps the doctor, who cures sick persons by writing out prescription. And it is the nurse with whom the patients spend most of the time in a ward room.482.6 引言（Introduction）v5. 利用统计数字开头法利用数字来说明某一问题，以说明文章主题的重要性， 为论文中对数据的采集方法、使用数据的目的进行论述 作铺垫。v例5vThe fact that less than 5% of the British population gradu