句子成分句子成分* *句子由各个组成部分构成句子由各个组成部分构成, ,这些组成部分叫句子的成分。这些组成部分叫句子的成分。总的来说，一个完整的句子包括以下两部分：总的来说，一个完整的句子包括以下两部分：句子句子主语部分主语部分: :发出动作的人或物发出动作的人或物 谓语部分谓语部分: :动作动作/ /谓语动词谓语动词例例: :我开门我开门. .I I open open the door. the door.主语部分主语部分谓语部分谓语部分例例: :这本书非常有趣。这本书非常有趣。ThisThis book book is is very interesting. very interesting.主语部分主语部分谓语部分谓语部分句子句子1 1. .主语主语2.2.谓语谓语 3.3.宾语宾语4.4.表语表语5. 5. 定语定语 6.6.状语状语 7.7.补语补语 8.8.同位语同位语* *但是具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：但是具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：1.1.主语：主语：主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物，指动作的执行者。放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物，指动作的执行者。例例: :那个学生问了老师一些问题那个学生问了老师一些问题. .The student asked the teacher some The student asked the teacher some questions.questions.例例: :今天的天气非常好今天的天气非常好. .The weather is very nice today.The weather is very nice today.2.2.谓语（谓语（predicate)predicate)：谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，位置一般放于主语后面。当，位置一般放于主语后面。例例: :他工作非常努力他工作非常努力. .He works very hard.He works very hard.例例: :今天的天气非常好今天的天气非常好. . The weather is very nice today.The weather is very nice today.例例: :他在字典里查出了这个单词他在字典里查出了这个单词. .He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked up the word in the dictionary.3. 3. 宾语（宾语（object)object)：宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词之后。一般放于及物动词之后。例例: :老师把灯关了老师把灯关了. .The teacher turned off the lights.The teacher turned off the lights.介宾介宾例例: :他们将不会伤害我们他们将不会伤害我们. . They wont hurt us.They wont hurt us.动宾动宾例例: :他在上个星期放弃吸烟了他在上个星期放弃吸烟了. .He gave up smoking last week. He gave up smoking last week.介宾介宾动宾介宾4. 4. 表语：表语：表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连系动词后，构成系表结构。系动词后，构成系表结构。连系连系 动词动词例例: :我是一个老师我是一个老师. . I I amam a teacher. a teacher.例例: :这种水果尝起来味道很好这种水果尝起来味道很好. .This kind of fruit This kind of fruit tastestastes very delicious. very delicious.1.be1.be动词动词(am, is, are, was, were)(am, is, are, was, were)3.3.感官动词感官动词(look, smell, hear, feel)(look, smell, hear, feel)+ +表语表语2.2.表状态变化的动词表状态变化的动词 (get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)例例: :那个女孩变得非常担心那个女孩变得非常担心. . The girl The girl gotgot worried. worried. 5. 5. 定语定语:(attribute):(attribute)定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词，形容词定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词，形容词通常作定语。通常作定语。这是一节生动有趣的课这是一节生动有趣的课This is a This is a lively and interestinglively and interesting class. class.有一些难题要处理有一些难题要处理There is something There is something difficultdifficult to deal with. to deal with.前置定语后置定语. . 状语状语:(adverbial):(adverbial)状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按用途分，可分为用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随状况让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。等。表时间：表时间：yesterday, today, tomorrow yesterday, today, tomorrow Shall we go shopping Shall we go shopping today or tomorrowtoday or tomorrow? ?我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？表地点：表地点：in China, at the airportin China, at the airportI saw a student I saw a student in the classroomin the classroom. .我在教室里看见一个学生我在教室里看见一个学生表原因表原因: because, as, for, since: because, as, for, since他因为生病所以今天没有去上学他因为生病所以今天没有去上学Because he was illBecause he was ill, he didnt go to school today., he didnt go to school today.表结果：表结果：to+doto+do, , v+ingv+ing, , 从句从句那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了The boy fell off the tree, The boy fell off the tree, striking his head striking his head against the groundagainst the ground. .表目的表目的:in order to, in order that, for the purpose:in order to, in order that, for the purpose为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力In order to get into a better schoolIn order to get into a better school, I must , I must study even harder .study even harder .表条件表条件: : as/soas/so long as, if, unless, long as, if, unless,只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩 As long as you study hardAs long as you study hard, you can get a , you can get a high mark.high mark.表让步表让步: in spite of, despite, although, though: in spite of, despite, although, though他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我He helped me He helped me although he didnt know me.although he didnt know me.表程度表程度: very, enough, to some extent: very, enough, to some extent那里的风景非常漂亮那里的风景非常漂亮The scenery there is The scenery there is veryvery beautiful. beautiful.表方式表方式: like that, as, as if: like that, as, as if不要那样看我不要那样看我Dont look at me Dont look at me like that!like that!表伴随状况：表伴随状况：老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书The teacher came into the classroom, The teacher came into the classroom, catching a book in his hand.catching a book in his hand.with. . 补语补语:(complement):(complement)补语补语主语补足语：宾语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态我又累又困，就去睡了。我又累又困，就去睡了。Tired and sleepyTired and sleepy, I went to bed., I went to bed.2 2我发现那本书很有趣。我发现那本书很有趣。I found that book I found that book interestinginteresting. .主语补足语宾语补足语8. 8. 同位语同位语:(appositive):(appositive)当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。的同位语。我们有两个孩子，一男一女我们有两个孩子，一男一女We have two children, We have two children, a boy and a girla boy and a girl. .那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车The man, The man, my teachermy teacher, never rides a bike., never rides a