Lexicology魏冕2013.9.10Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What Is a Word Bound form and Free form -ess countess, lioness -ish boyish, childish, greenish -s hats, books, cups A free form which consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms, as for instance, poor john or john ran away or yes, sir, in a phrase, is a word. A word, then, is a free form which does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is a minimum free form.” (Bloomfield, 1993:177-178) “Fire!” “Help!” “Old.” “Mother.”/ the, a, my1.1 What Is a Word “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” Antonie Meillet1.1 What Is a Word The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.1.1 What Is a Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. “词，今指语言组织中的基本单位，能独立运用，具有 声音、意义和语法功能。”（辞海1984 （上）375 页，上海辞书出版社） The young man left quietly.1.2 Sound and Meaning Certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system. This symbolic connection is alost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. dog, woman, /mi:t/1.3 Sound and Form The written form should agree with the oral form.In other words, the sound should be similar to the form. The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. spelling differences created by the early scribesprinting establishedborrowing words.1.4 Vocabulary Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary, and Modern English vocabulary English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Wordsby use frequency basic word stock & nonbasic vocabulary by notion content words & functional words by origin native words & borrowed words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary characteristics of the basic word stock All national character Stability Productivity Polysemy CollocabilityThe words are void of the stated characterisitcs Terminology Jargon Slang Argot Dialectal words Archaisms Neologisms1.5.2 Content Words and Functional Words Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. Functional words do not have notions of their own, which are also called empty words. It is fun to play with children. It is certain that they have forgotten the address. The more I see the film, the more I like it.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words Neutral in styleFrequent in use Borrowed words DenizensAliensTranslation-LoansSemantic-loansAssignment Question 9、10 on notebook Question 1 to 8 and 11 on textbook.Thank you !