Characteristics of Solid-state Fermented Feed and its Effect on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-finishing Pigs固态发酵饲料特性及其对育肥猪生长性能及养分消化率的影响ByJiankun Hu, Wenqing Lu, Chunlin Wang, Ronghua Zhu and Jiayun QiaoFrom:Asian-Aust.J.Anim.Sci.Vol. 21, No.11:16351641 November 2008 2013.1.24KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUconcents Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion ConclusionPage 1KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroductionPage 21) Antibiotic growth promoters Total ban in European Union2) Fermented raw materialsEliminating anti-nutritional factors;Improving nutrient digestibility;Enriching the quality of proteinThe fermentation end products can be incorporated into diets as feed ingredientsKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroductionPage 33) Fermented liquid feed (FLF)newborn piglets Coliforms (feces)Lactic acid bacteria (feces)growing pigs enterobacteriaceaelactic acid bacteria ( stomach )The high concentrations of organic acids in the FLF are believed to be responsible for the reduction in pathogensKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUIntroductionPage 44) Solid-state fermentation feed(SFF)little literaturemay have potential to be efficient in promoting animal health and growth;lpresent study(1) to investigate the nutritional and microbial characteristics of SFF during the fermentation process; (2) to determine the effects of SFF on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs when fed in the absence of antibiotics. experiment designChemical analysisDetermine the fermentation effect Microbiological countsAnimal feeding trialCollecte samplesManufacture of SFFSSF + basal dietantibiotics + basal dietDaily gainDaily intaketotal fecal collectionChemical analysisFeed conversionnutrient digestibilityKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAUMaterials and MethodsPage 51) Manufacture of SSF 2) Microbiological counts of SFF3) Chemical analysis of SFF samples 4) Animal feeding trial5) Chemical analysis of feed and feces6) Statistical analysisKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1) Manufacture of SFF Page 6 prepare of liquid cultureA mixed liquid bacterial culture, containing:Lactobacillus fermentum LAB 5.03 log cfu/ml (发酵乳杆菌) Saccharomyces cerevisae Yeastand 5.74 log cfu/ml (酿酒酵母)Bacillus subtilis Bacillus 5.45 log cfu/ml (枯草芽孢杆菌) KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1) Manufacture of SFF Page 7 prepare of substrateKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1) Manufacture of SFF Page 8 Mix substrate :liquid culture =10:3 (w/v). PackageThe mixture was packaged in multi-layer, polythene bags(多层式聚乙烯包装袋) ; 25 kg per bag;the bag equipped a one-way valve(单向阀 ) to allow release of CO2 produced during fermentationKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU1) Manufacture of SFF Page 9 FermenteFermentation was performed in bags ；temperature ： 255 Collecte samples day 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU2)Microbiological counts of SFFPage 10bacterial incubation media incubationTEMP tLABMan, Rogosa and Sharp agaranaerobic3736 hEnterobacteria McConkey agaraerobic3724hBacillusMixed Nutrient agar platesaerobic3724hYeastsagar platesaerobic3036hTen-fold dilutions of the SSF feed samplesKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU3)Chemical analysis of SFF samplesPage 11Nutrition assay methoddry matterAOAC (1990).crude proteinAOAC (1990).Water-soluble proteinBradford (1976) Short chain fatty acidsGas ChromatographyLactic acidenzymatic kit producedKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU4)Animal feeding trialPage 12 Experimental animal grouping 20 crossbred barrows (DYL)initial body weight = 14.11kg The experimental diets Control group :basal diet +antibioticsSFF group : basal diet +SFFbasal diet: corn-soybean meal-based control diet Husbandry management Control group SFF group Item14-25 kg25-65 kg65-95 kg ControlSSFControlSSFControlSSF Ingredient Maize (%)70.060.567.565.070.070.0Soybean meal (%)20.012.020.011.020.09.0 Fish meal (%)6.0-3.0- Wheat bran (%)-2.54.54.05.06.0 Soybean oil (%)-1.0-1.0- Solid-state fermented feed (%)-25.0-20.0-15.0 Mineral and vitamin premix (%)4.0-4.0-4.0- Nutrient composition Metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg)3.213.213.223.223.233.23 Crude protein (%)18.0418.0216.6316.6614.9914.99 Lysine (%)1.201.240.970.960.730.71 Calcium (%)0.96.0960.650.650.480.48 Total phosphorus (%)0.800.800.510.510.510.50The trial was conducted in three phasesKEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU4)Animal feeding trialPage 14pigpen: stainless steel metabolism crates equipped with a plastic-coated, totally slatted floorphase: 0.5 m 1.1 m Phaseand phase : 0.6 m 1.4 m Pigs were fed twice daily until full fresh water was available all the timesOne weak pig in both groups was removed from the experiment during the phase.KEY LAB OF ANIMAL NUTRITION OF JXAU5)Chemical analysis of feed and fecesPage 15 The dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus in diet