Unit 2Diction （选词法） Decide the meanings of “THATs” and translate the sentence. That that is, is; that that is not, is not; but that that is not, is not that that is; nor is that that is that that is not. 实者实，虚者虚，虚非实，实非虚。 是即是，非即非 Pre-class QuestionslWhat is Diction? lDoes the meaning of a word equals to the dictionary definition? lHow do you consider the viewpoint “Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words”? lHow to determine the meaning of a word in E-C translation?Theoretical Ground 1. Translating means translating meaning. ( Eugene A. Nida, From One Language to Another, 1986) 2. The Largest Quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word. (Peter Newmark, A Text Book of Translation, 1988)3.1 Choice of Grammatical Meanings The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meaning. 1. Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable. 把牛拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋 去。 2. I saw him saw with a saw in a sawmill. 我看见他在锯木厂用一把锯子在锯东西。 3. Wishes father thoughts. (John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga) 愿望为思想之父。 The child is father of the man. 从小看大。 4. “What do you do with so many apples?” “We eat what we can and what we cant we can.” “这么多苹果，你们要怎么办？” “我们尽量吃，吃不完就拿来做罐头。”3.2 Choice of Contextual Meanings Question: What is the meaning of Meaning? What is the average number of the meanings for Power? 意义：指称意义、言内意义、语用意义。 Please determine from the context the exact meaning of Power in each sentence (Drills 3.3, P. 72), and choose an appropriate equivalent one in Chinese. l1. I will do everything within my power to assist you. 我愿意尽力来帮助你。 l2. The new kinescope has a resolving power of 800 lines. 这种新型显像管的分辨率为800行。 l3. Basically, all power is with the people. 从根本上说，一切权利属于人民。 4. Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. 枪杆子里面出政权。 5. China has a few nuclear weapons, but it will never join the so-called club of nuclear powers. 中国有一点核武器，但中国决不参加所谓核大国 俱乐部。 6. The surface of ceramics must be checked by examination under a 20-power binocular microscope. 陶瓷表面必须用20倍的双筒显微镜加以检查。 7. The transistor can go from an off condition to an on condition with great speed and minimal power. 晶体管能以极快的速度和极小的功率由关的状 态转到开的状态。 8. The power subsystem of the communication facility must provide a flow of current under controlled conditions of voltage and load. 通讯设施的电源分系统应在电压和负荷受控制 的情况下供电。 Reflection: Whats the difference of meanings between Chinese words and English ones? 英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围很宽 汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄3.3 Choice of Collocative MeaningsTranslate the following, paying attention to the collocation (Drills 3.4, P. 73).Good (adj.) good manners good humor a good king good living得体的举止 愉快的心情；好脾气 公正的国王 讲究吃喝的生活 a good Catholic good eggs good soil a good debt a good hour a good question good sense a good eater and a good sleeper虔诚的天主教徒虔诚的天主教徒新鲜鸡蛋新鲜鸡蛋肥沃的土壤肥沃的土壤有把握收回的债有把握收回的债整整一小时整整一小时不易回答的问题；难以立即回答的不易回答的问题；难以立即回答的 问题问题正确的判断力；解决世纪问题的智慧正确的判断力；解决世纪问题的智慧 ；理智；理智 能吃能睡的人能吃能睡的人 小结： 1.英语学习到了高级阶段，就词汇而言，可 以说没有上下文就没有词义（no context, no text)。既然“义寓于文”就必须“以文明义”，即根据上下文的逻辑关系、层次条理、前后呼应确 定词的具体涵义。 2. Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Firth3.4 Choice of Affective Meanings Question: What is the importance of affective meanings to translation? Can you give some examples? Compare and translate the following:l Story The story of the hero is extremely moving. 英雄的事迹是极为动人的。 He storied about his age. 他捏造年龄。 That face must have a story belonging to it. 那张脸成这个模样，背后必有文章。 The real story was made public. 真相大白。（水落石出。） What a story! I dont believe a word of it. 弥天大谎！我只字不信。 小结： A good translator should represent not only the original thought but also the original style in the target language. That is called “意似，形似，神似”.3.5 Choice of Extended Meanings Question: How to extend the meaning when a mechanical translation is unintelligible to the readers? Can you give some examples? Translate the following, extending the meanings of the words in italics (Drills 3.7, P. 84): 1. On Ashurt there had now come a feeling of paralysis. (The Apple Tree) 这时间阿舍特却不知道怎么办才好（呆若 木鸡）。(concrete abstract)2. The Malian people, in spite of their geographical confinement, have already given the proof that they are determined to face all the difficulties and the necessary sacrifices to safeguard their dignity. 尽管从地理上说，马里人处在一个内陆国，但为了 捍卫自己的尊严，他们已证明有决心去面对一切困 难和必要的牺牲。 (abstract specific) 3. The pen is mightier than the sword. 笔杆子比枪杆子厉害/ 文能制武。 (abstract concrete) 4. Venice is the child of her own tumultuous (喧 嚣的)past. (C. Lucas: A Valentine for Venice) 威尼斯之所以演变成现在这种状况，是因为其自 身混乱的过去造成的。 (昔日的乱世造成了今天的威尼斯。) ( concrete abstract) 5. Once she wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin. (The Glory and the Dream