Family ratelowest since records in 1840vDivorce: ratehighest in Europe; 1+child/4 before age 16divorce of their parentsvLone parenting: increased three-fold in the last 20 years, 1/10 families v4/10 people: born outside marriage v1/10: cohabitinghttp:/www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1865Family sizevComplete family size of 2 kids: 1/3 womenvChildlessness: 1/5 womenvCauses:vFalling infant death rates fellvThe expense of having childrenvCareer vs. childrenDarren Hayes Savage GardenDarren on the civil partnership ceremonyv“I can honestly say it was the happiest day of my life,“ writes Hayes of the civil partnership ceremony, which took place in London. “I feel lucky to live in an era where my relationship can be considered legally legitimate, and I commend the U.K. government for embracing this very basic civil liberty.“Darren on the civil partnership ceremonyvBritain legalized civil partnerships in December 2005.vCivil Partnership Act 2004 vSame-sex couplesvhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Partner ship_Act_2004Londonvthe most popular region within the UK in which to register a partnership in 2007 vThe London Borough of Westminster vBrighton and Hove Unitary Authority http:/www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.as p?id=1685Living in Britain General Household Survey 2002http:/www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1685Living in Britain General Household Survey 2002A 2 YouthvYouth: an age group?vA social organizationvThe 1950s: about ten years after the end of WWII vA rise in the birth rate vMusic, films, fashionvYouth subcultureteenagersA 5 50 Years of Change vThe 1950s a time of great changes in fields of economy, culture, politics. vThe 1960s a decade of rebellious young generation of great expectation A 5 50 Years of Change vThe 1970s a decade of strikes and recessionvThe 1980s a decade of ThatcherismvThe 1990s a decade of great expectation A2 Youth (1970s) Youth SubculturesvSubculture : a cultural group within a larger culture often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture (COD) vA distinct individual style certain ways of dressing, speaking, listening to music and gathering in similar placesvThe way of lifevInevitable products of affluent society vTo leave: usu. at the point of marriageA2 YouthTeddy BoysvRock n Roll: black origin, white musicians like ElvisvTeenage cultsvMusic of the Teddy Boys or Teds vSlicked-back quiffs or DA (ducktail) haircuts vNarrow drainpipe trousersvDrape jackets, fancy shirtsvBootlace tiesA 2 Youth Teddy Boys: CharacteristicsvGroup-mindedness a reaffirmation of traditional working class values and the strong sense of territoryvExtreme touchiness (over-sensitivity) to insults vConditions for its formation extensive welfare provision (social security, health, housing), European economic boom with Marshall plan, abolishing of draft, introduction of hire purchasevDrastical and fundamental alteration of the concept of the adolescentA 2 Youth cont. Teddy Boys in the 1950sA 2 Youth cont. The BeatniksvThe “beat” movement in the US in the 1950svRejection of traditional middle-class American values, customsvThe “Beat generation”beatitudevSputnik IvTheir visual symbols - jazz, poetry, marijuanna, the Beatles vCounter-cultural, anti-materialistic, bettering the inner selfA 2 Youth Beatniks: Characteristics vExtremely pessimistic about future the HippiesvThe Simpsons episode A 2 Youth The BeatniksA 2 Youth The BeatlesA 2 Youth The Rolling StonesA 2 Youth (The 1960s) Mods and RockersvA new mood of optimism and change vRockers: rock n roll dressed down (in leather jackets and denim); working class, masculinity driven vMods: American rhythm and blues music dressed up (in sharp suits and ties Italian style); working-class, non-traditional clerical or service jobsA 2 Youth Rockers and their motor-bikesA 2 Youth Mods and their scootorsA2 Youth The HippiesvHippie: bohemian, student and radical subculturesvBeing critical of growing dominance of technology targets for the aggression hippiesA2 Youth cont. Hippies (left) Skin heads (right)A2 Youth (1970s)PunksvThe 1970s: Punk, Heavy MetalvPunk: youth culture in the extremevSpiked hair, ripped and outlandishly customized clothingvObscene language (much-publicized)vTo both cut themselves off from society and to shock it into actionvHeavy Metal music: grew in the 1970s; bikers A 2 Youth cont. The punksTaxi DrivervTravis BicklevJodie FostervJohn HinckleyvPresident ReaganA2 Youth (1970s) Rastafarianism-RastasvRastafarianism: a philosophy and a religion originating in Jamaica; black Britain; the reggae music of Bob Marley.The Influence of Reggae on PunkvSearch for authenticityvThe romanticization of petty criminalityv“white translation of black ethnicity” (Hebdige p.64)Elvis Presley: “white nigger”vReggae musicNon-mainstreamWorking