1Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology2心脏的解剖和生理3Reference PointsAnatomical locationsLateralSideLateralSidePosteriorBackMidlineMedialInferiorBottomSuperiorTopDistalFarthestAnteriorFrontProximalNearest4观察点解剖位置侧面Side侧面Side后面BackMidline中间下面Bottom上面Top远端Farthest前面Front近端Nearest5LocationMidlineApexBetween the lungs and behind the sternum6位置中线心尖部心脏在两肺之间，胸骨的后面7Wall & CoveringEndocardiumMyocardiumPericardial SacEpicardiumCoronary ArteryTissue surrounding the heart8心脏壁和遮盖物心内膜 心肌 心包 心外膜 冠状 动脉 围绕着心脏的组织9Chambers4 chambersRight AtriumRight VentricleLeft AtriumLeft Ventricle10心腔4个心腔右心房右心室左心房左心室11ValvesRight AtriumRight VentricleLeft AtriumLeft Ventricle4 sets of valvesPulmonic ValveMitral ValveAortic ValveTricuspid Valve12瓣膜右心房右心室左心房左心室4个瓣膜肺动脉瓣 二尖瓣 主动脉瓣 三尖瓣 13Interior ViewArteries to Head & ArmsSuperior Vena CavaPulmonary ValveLeft Coronary ArteryAortic ValveMitral ValveAortic ArchTricuspid ValveRight Coronary ArteryA look inside14内部观至头和手臂的动脉上腔静脉肺动脉瓣左冠状动脉主动脉瓣二尖瓣主动脉弓三尖瓣右冠状动脉从内部看15Anterior ViewRight Coronary ArteryRight VentricleLeft VentricleLeft Coronary ArteryLeft AtriumGreat Cardiac VeinRight AtriumAnterior / Exterior16前面观右冠状动脉右心室左心室左冠状动脉左心房心大静脉右心房从前面看17Posterior ViewBacksideLeft Circumflex Coronary ArteryCoronary SinusInterior Vena CavaLeft VentricleRight VentricleRight Coronary ArteryPulmonary VeinsAortic ArchSuperior Vena Cava18后面观左冠状动脉回旋支冠状静脉窦下腔静脉左心室右心室右冠状动脉肺静脉主动脉弓上腔静脉从后面看19Superior ViewTricuspid ValvePulmonary VeinsRight AtriumAortic ValvePulmonary ValveLeft AtriumMitral ValveLooking down at the valves20上面观三尖瓣 肺静脉右心房主动脉瓣肺动脉瓣左心房二尖瓣从上往下看瓣膜21Fluoroscopic ImagingAnterior Posterior view (AP) AP (also sometimes called PA) is a “straight-down“ view into the heart. The x-ray tube and intensifier line up directly over the spine and sternum. Spine is slightly left of the heart on the imageSternum is directly over the spineRibs angle downwardSilhouette of heart is right of center on image 22透视影像前后位(AP) AP (有时也称作 PA)是心脏的正面观，X线球管和 影像增强仪与脊柱和胸骨在一条 直线上 影像上脊柱在心脏的稍左侧胸骨在脊柱的正上方肋骨的角度向下心脏的轮廓在影像中心偏右侧2324右心室左心室右心房左心耳二尖瓣环三尖瓣环主动脉瓣环肺动脉瓣环 右肺静脉右肺动脉上腔静脉 左肺动脉肺动脉干下腔静脉 膈肌主动脉25Right Anterior Oblique ViewRight anterior oblique (RAO) view: “Long axis“ view of the heart Spine to the left Sternum to the right Perpendicular to the intraventricular septum26右前斜位右前斜位(RAO): 观察心脏“长轴” 脊柱在左侧 胸骨在右侧 垂直于室间隔2728二尖瓣环三尖瓣环左心室右心室主动脉瓣环主动脉右心 房肺动脉瓣环肺动脉干29Right Anterior Oblique ViewRARVIVCSVC30右前斜位RARVIVCSVC31Left Anterior Oblique ViewIn the LAO view, you will see: The spine rightward of the heart The sternum to the left The ribs angled downward to the left The short axis silhouette of the heartIn LAO, the left ventricle will have: The septal wall to the left of the image The lateral wall to the right of the image32左前斜位(LAO)在LAO位, 可见到: 脊柱在心脏的右侧 胸骨在左侧 肋骨角度向左向下 心脏的短轴轮廓在LAO位, 左心室: 间隔壁在影像的左侧 侧壁在影像的右侧33Left Anterior Oblique view34左前斜位35Left Anterior Oblique ViewTVMV CS36左前斜位TVMV CS37Veins & ArteriesArteries High- pressure system moves blood from heartSmooth muscle in vessel walls facilitates perfusionArterioles connect to capillariesVeins Low- pressure system returns blood to heart Intravascular valves facilitate return of blood Venules connect to capillariesEnd-to-end a 5,000 mile span38静脉和动脉动脉 高压系统，将 心脏的血液运 送至全身血管壁上的平 滑肌有利于灌 注小动脉与毛细 血管连接静脉 低压系统，回 收血液至心脏 血管内的瓣膜 有利于血液回 收 小静脉与毛细 血管连接起始到结束的距离约5000英里39CapillariesCapillariesTissue CellsVenuleArterioleArteryFrom heartVeinTo heartThe connection between arteries & veins40毛细血管毛细血管组织细胞小静脉小动脉动脉从心脏静脉至心脏动脉和静脉之间的连接41Rhythmic CycleContraction / Relaxation Valves play key roles in the hearts one-way blood flow Pressure changes in the chambers and vessels facilitate the valves to open and close tightly, preventing the backflow of bloodSystolecontraction occursDiastolerest between contractions42有节奏的周期收缩/舒张 在心脏单向血流中，瓣膜起到了关键作用 心腔和血管内压力的变化有利于瓣膜打开和紧密关闭，阻止血液 倒流收缩期发生收缩舒张期收缩之间 的休息43Right HeartRight Pulmonary ArteryRight AtriumLobar Branches to Right LungRight VentricleLeft VentricleLeft AtriumPulmonary VeinLobar Branches to Left LungTricuspid ValveLeft Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary VeinAortic ArchLung PumpSuperior Vena CavaInferior Vena CavaSuperior Vena CavaInferior Vena CavaRight Pulmonary Artery44右心右心房右肺动脉分支右心室左心室左心房肺静脉三尖瓣左肺动脉肺静脉主动脉弓肺泵上腔静脉下腔静脉右肺动脉左肺动脉分支45Left HeartRight Pulmonary ArterySuperior Vena CavaInferior Vena CavaRight AtriumLobar Branches to Right LungRight VentricleLeft VentricleLeft AtriumPulmonary VeinLobar Branches to Left LungTricuspid ValveLeft Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary VeinAortaAorta ArchBody PumpLeft AtriumLeft VentricleAorta46左心右肺动脉上腔静脉下腔静脉右心房右肺动脉分支右心室肺静脉左肺动脉分支三尖瓣左肺动脉肺静脉Aorta主动脉弓体泵左心房左心室主动脉47Systemic & Pulmonary CirculationHead & Upper LimbsArmsHeartDigestive TractKidneysLungsTrunk & Upper LimbsSystemic CirculationSystemic CirculationPulmonary CirculationHow blood flows through the body48体循环和肺循环头和上肢手臂心脏消化道肾脏肺躯干和上肢体循环体循环肺循环血液是如何流向身体的49Myocardial InfarctionWhat happens during a heart attac