Ernest HemingwayLife experience & WorksFamous sayings & AnecdotesIceberg PrincipleLife Experience -the early years(1899-1917)born on 21st July 1899 in Oak Park, Chicago, the second of six childrenErnests mother taught him music and arts, father taught his children to love natureAttended high school at The Oak Park and River Forest Township High SchoolGood at English but uninterested in most other subjectsHe learnt to box, took up canoeing and wrote articles for the schools weekly newspaperthe adventurer (1917-1945)During World War I he served as an ambulance driver in France and in the Italian infantry步兵 and was wounded just before his 19th birthday. Later, he worked in Paris as a correspondent通讯员 for the Toronto Star. During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent on the loyalist side. He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945.He came to China with his wife in 1941.WorksFirst books: Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923) , In Our Time (short stories, 1924), and The Torrents of Spring (a novel, 1926)The Sun Also Rises (1926)A Farewell to Arms (1929)short stories: Men without Women (1927) Winner Take Nothing (1933)Play: The Fifth ColumnFirst Forty-nine Stories (1938)Nonfiction works: Death in the Afternoon (1932)Green Hills of Africa (1935)For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)Anthology of stories, Men at War (1942)The fall (1946-1961)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)Nobel Prize for LiteraturePosthumous publications: A Moveable Feast (1964)Islands in the Stream (1970)The Nick Adams Stories (1972)True at First Light (1999)Suicide in Idaho in 1961Iceberg PrincipleThe dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八 分之一在水面上。Death in the Afternoon(1932)对于”冰山原则”，海明威自己在午后之死中有一个解释， 他写道：“如果一位散文家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么 他可能省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作家写得真实，会 强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方，好象作者写出来似的。”显而易 见，作家在这里强调的是省略，主张水面下的的“八分之七”应 该留给读者去感受。根据海明威的解释，可以对”冰山原则”作 一个粗略的概括：所谓”冰山原则”，就是用简洁的文字塑造出 鲜明的形象，把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象 之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦，从而 将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来，让读者对鲜明形象 的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。Iceberg Principle简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和 深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要 素。“冰山理论”有两个层面的含义:一是简约的 艺术，极少用修饰语，极少用形容词；其 二，小说家马原认为“冰山理论”的更内在的 质素可以概括为“经验省略”。