课标人教实验版 高二 Module 5 Unit 2Reading 广东 刘超英Warming UpThere are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Can you name some of them? What kind of role do they play in the field of science ? Do these achievements have anything in common? Match the inventions with their inventors below before you answer all these questions. Alexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephone Laite Brothers the electric Lamp Madame Curie black holes in Universe Franklin Theory of Gravity Steven Hawking the First Plane Elbert Einstein Radium Isaac Newton the Theory of RelativityQuiz Questions (P1)1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC), a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object.阿基米德 (Archimedes)2. Charles Darwin, Britain (1808 - 1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Charles DarwinDarwins book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwins idea became very influential and is still accepted today.3. Thomas Newcomen, British (1663-1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.4. Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822- 1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity(遗传学) and inherited (继承,承传) characteristics. He concentrated (集中精力) on cross- fertilizing (施肥) pea plants and analyzing the results. Between1856- 1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.Gregor MendelHe examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance (承传的规则). The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact (完整的). Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young. Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring (子孙) (and so are dominant显性的). The other factors are masked by the dominant ones (and so are recessive隐性的). 5. Marie Curie, Polish and French (1867-1934) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one ( with Pierre Curie ) for physics (1903) and one for chemistry (1911). Marie CurieShe is the only person to have been so honored. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research. She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne (索邦神学院:巴黎大学前身).6. Thomas Edison, American (1847- 1931) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices ( phonograph电唱机, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tremendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible. Thomas Edison7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452- 1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible. Leonardo da VinciSome of his famous paintings include “The Adoration of the Magi“ and the “The Last Supper“. Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.8. Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778- 1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous(麻醉) oxide(氧化物) (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic(麻醉剂). In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Humphry DavyPreviously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging. The safety helmet made working underground very much safer.9. Zhang Heng, Chinese (78- 139) He invented the first seismograph(测震仪、地震仪) to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder(圆筒形) with eight dragonheads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. 张衡地动仪Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragons head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragons mouth, making a noise.10. Stephen Hawking, British (19