科技英语词汇与翻译从事科技文献翻译和其它翻译一 样，首先碰到的便是词的翻译。要想 处理好词的翻译，必须要有足够的词 汇量，同时还需了解科技英语词汇的 来源与特点，掌握词的构成方式及翻 译技巧。I. 科技英语词汇的来源及构成n One of the most distinctive features of EST is its technical terms, which not only account for a large part of English vocabulary, but also are the most important source of newly coined words in modern English, ranging over an extensive area of various fields. A mastery of them will benefit us a great deal in the translation of EST.classification of technical wordsnsingle words ( robot, internet, etc.)，ncompound forms ( e.g. feedback 反馈， splashdown 溅落，) nphrases on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的，anti-armored-fight-vehicle-missile 反装甲车导 power-transmission-relay system 送点中继体系 ，计算机专业英语2-6EST专业词汇的构成 专业词汇的构成 派生词 (derivation) 复合词 (compounding) 混成词 (blending) 前缀缩略词 (shortening) 后缀压缩和省略缩写借用词1.借用外来语（Borrowing）大部分科技英语词汇来源于外来语，特 别是一些新出现的科技术语(以及由它们派生 的形容词)经常借用其它语言的词汇。其中拉 丁语、希腊语对科技英语词汇的影响源远流 长。现代科学技术一方面仍直接从拉丁语、 希腊语借用术语，而另一方面又利用拉丁语 、希腊语的词根，加上英语、拉丁语、希腊 语的词缀构成无穷无尽的科技词汇。 e.g. science plateau(高原) 借自波斯语的有: shawl(披肩)，bazaar(市场); 借自印地语的有: nabob(大富翁); 借自意大利语的有: fresco(壁画); 借自德语的有: anti-body(抗体); blitz (闪电战) 借自西班牙语的有: canyon (峡谷 ), mosquito (蚊子) 借自阿拉伯语的有: algebra(代数), alcohol (酒精)2. 通过构词法(Word formation)n2. 1词缀法(affixation)n Affixation is an important means of coining new English words and technical terms, with prefix and suffix as inseparable elements of the words being coined. The advantage of affixation is evident: it is the most flexible means of forming new words and its potential of creation is almost boundless, therefore it is extensively used in the formation of technical terms. Affixation/derivationnBesides prefix and suffix of English origin, there are some foreign borrowings, noticeably the Latin ones, e.g. bio-（生物 ，生命）, thermo-（热）, electro-（电）, aero-（空气）, carbo-（碳）, hydro-（水 ）, -ite（矿物）, -mania（热，狂）, etc. If we are familiar with these prefixes and suffixes, many technical terms of such formation can be translated appropriately.111. Affixation/derivationThe following are some typical examples.miniultrasonicprober = mini +ultra + sonic + prober 微型超 声波金属探伤仪macrospacetransship = macro + space + trans + ship巨型 空间转运飞船teletypesetter = tele + type + setter 电传排字机bathythermograph = bathy + thermo + graph 海水测温仪barothermograph = baro + thermo + graph 气压温度记录 器deoxyribonucleic = de + oxy + ribo + nucleic 脱氧核糖核的photomorphogenesis = photo + morpho + genesis 光形态 发生2. 2合成法(compounding)Two or more words combined t form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: combining with a hyphen ( e.g. salt- former 卤素， dew-point 露点， pulse-scaler 脉 冲定标器) or without it ( e.g. fallout 放射性尘埃， hovercraft气垫船， waterlock 水闸， thunderstorm 雷暴)，or two or more separate words forming a word combination( e.g. stem cell 干细胞， optical drive 光驱， satellite antimissile observation system 卫星反导弹观察 系统)。e.g.n复合名词: bar code，information highways，heat wave, toothpick，acid cloud，cold fusion ， pocket officen复合形容词: nuclear-weapon-free areasn复合动词: to mass-produce, to window-dress， to globe trot，to air-condition，to hand-carry 182. Translation of CompoundnMost of such compound words may be translated literally, Sometimes, however, there are exceptions. For example, bulls eye ( 靶心)，cat-and-mouse( 航向与指挥 的)，dog house (高频高压电源屏蔽罩)，etc.- nliteral translation in tackling such terms may lead astray. Therefore whenever we are confronted with unfamiliar terms and are not sure of their meaning, we should frequently consult dictionaries of relevant specialties. In many cases some additional explanations are needed to make the original meaning clear and accurate.从上述例子可以看出，科技英语中大 量使用复合名词和复合形容词。复合动词 的使用是现代英语中一种比较简练的表现 手段。如果不用复合动词来表达，句子会 冗长拖沓。但复合动词的使用范围有一定 的局限性，不宜任意套用。对这类动词本 身，也要区别对待:有临时性词语，时过境 迁不再使用;有些富于表现力，能比较长期 地保存下来;在翻译过程中，一定要多注意 这些词。203. Acronyms nAn acronym is a word formed from the initials or other parts of several words. Acronyms are widely accepted to coin English technical terms. With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more acronyms are being extensively use in various fields. Simple and brief, acronyms sometimes tend to cause ambiguity in meaning. Therefore, it is up to the translator to discern their actual meaning in different contexts.n掌握一些常见的缩略词对外文资料的阅读是十分必要的。此外， 由于科学技术的不断发展，各个学科的新术语不断出现，使得缩 写调也具有一词多义，因而在学习时应引起重视。例： 223. Acronyms ADP automatic data processing自动数据处理AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 爱滋病DEPM electronic data processing machine电子数据处理 机DINK double income, no kids双收入无子女家庭GSV guided space vehicle制导宇宙飞船Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光RAM random access memory 随即存取存储器UFO unidentified flying object不明飞行物WWW World Wide Web 万维网234. Acronyms nSometimes, an acronym happens to be an actual English word, or it may possess more than one meaning. In this case, special attention should be paid to pick out the right equivalent in Chinese.Mouse minimum orbital unmanned sa