冠词 一、冠词的泛指、特指和 类指 泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。 特指是指上文已经提到的人或事物，或是指被 限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物，也 可以指说话双方所默认的特定的人或事物。 类指是指具有共同性质或典型特征的事物的一 个类别。二:冠词的泛指和特指用法:单数 可数 名词 一定 要用 冠词a/ anthe泛指单一,每一,任一事物指类别特指上文提到过的人或事物被限制性修饰语所限度的人或事 物说话双方默认的人或事物世上独一无二的事物 指类别复数 可数 名词 和不 可数 名词the 特 指上文提到的人或事物被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物说话双方默认的人或事物零冠 词泛指的人或事物指类别二:不定代词a/an的惯用法 1、当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是辅音音素时，用a. 当 紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是元音音素时，用an.如: a unvesity; a useful animal; an uncle; an X-ray;an 800-meter race2.表示 the same; one;a certain或every的意思。 e.g The two boys are of an age. (the same age)I earn 10 dollars an hour . (every hour)A Mr.Smith is waiting for you. ( a certain)2.用于某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示 “一种、一类、一份、一 场、一阵”.e.g That is a green tea.They were caught in a heavy rain.a pleasure / a success/ a failure3. 用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词前便具体化了。e.g He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.Her book is a collection of short stories.4. 与不定冠词连用的习语。have a cold; have a good time; have a word with; keep a diaryin a hurry; at a loss; do sb. a favour; at a diatance; a collection of e.g This picture looks beautiful at a distance.He was at a loss when he heard this news. 5.不定冠词的特殊位置。quiet/ rather+a/an+adj+n.(单数) what/ such/half+a/an+n. (单数) rather/so/too/how/as+ adj+a/an+n.(单数) many a/an +n.(单数) =许多not a/an+n. .(单数)不只一个quiet a kind man such a beautiful girlHe is as great a man as other leaders.What a clever boy he is!= How clever a boy is!三、定冠词的主要用法 1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。I find a man in the street;the man said he got a new job. 2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。the earth; the moon; the Great Wall 3. 用在姓氏的复数前，表示该夫妇俩或全家人。the Greens the Chens 4. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。the first the second 5. 用在表单位的名词前。 I have hired a car by the hour. (按小时)Eggs are sold by the dozen. (按每12个) 6. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前the West Lake; the Yellow River; the Red Sea 7.用在年代，朝代和逢十的数词（表某个年代）前the Tang Dynasty; in the 1990s 8. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。the poor; the rich; the young 9. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。the Chinese; the English 10. 西洋乐器前加定冠词。the piano; the violin 11. 在句型“动词人介词the身体某一部份”中the不可以用人称代词代替take sb.by the arm (抓住某人手臂)hit sb. In the face (打某人的脸) 12. 固定搭配。 in the distance; in the end; at the same time;on the other hand; on the whole三:零冠词的几种情况:1.不可数名词，复数名词前表泛指Hores are useful animals.2.季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠词。（除了特指 某前的季节等）on Sunday; have lunch; on the spring of 20093. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词。play football; play chess4. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词。Doctor, I am not feeling well.5. 中国乐器前不加冠词。play erhu; play piba6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。by car; by train7. 在turn，go（变成、成为）变成后面的名词做短语时，名词前不加 冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。His dream of turning great leader came true. 8.纯不可数名词weath ; fun; space; advice; progress; information; news 9. as引导的让步状语从句句型中的单数名词前.零冠词单数名词as/though+主谓主句（虽然但是）e.g. Hero as he is, he is still modest.Child as she is, she knows a lot. 10.固定搭配。in debt， in good (bad) health， in good condition， in office（就职）， in honour of， in trouble (difficulty)， in favour of，in general， in (out of) order，on businesson holiday， on fire， from morning till night， 四、特殊情况 1. the +序数词 （第） the second chancea +序数词 (又一，再一） a second chance 2. the+独一无二的名词 the moon; the eartha +独一无二的名词 a full moon; 3. the +最高级（三者或以上中最) . a+最高级（无比较之意，表非常）He is the most deligent students in the class.It is a most useful book.4. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名 词前无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具 体意义。out of problem 不成问题 take place 发生out of the problem 不可能 take the place of代替in hospital， at table in front of in the hospital at the table in the front of，on earth of age 成年 lose colour 脸色苍白 on the earth of an age 同岁 lose the colour褪色1. The sign reads“ In case of_ fire, break the glass and push_ red button. A. ; a B. ; the C. the ; the D. a ; a2. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_ exciting experience. A. ; the B. ; an C. an ; an D. the ; the3.Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _IQ.A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highesta4. On May 5, 2005, at_ World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in mens doubles with _ score of 4: 1. A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a 5. This book tells _ life story of John Smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. Athe; theBa; theCthe; 不填Da; 不填6. I know _ John Lennon, but not _ famous oneA. /; a B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a7. If you grow up in _ large family, you are more likely to develop _ ability to get on well with _othersA/; an; theBa; the; /Cthe; an; the Da; the; theThe End