Occupational Safety Management and EngineeringWillie HammerDennis PriceAihua Liu Tel:13755006918 EMAIL:alexliu163.com1. ACCIDENT LOSSES2. LIABILITIES AND SAFTY LEGISLATION3. WORKERS COMPENSATION4. OSHACT AND ITS ADMINISTRATION5. STANDARDS, CODES, AND OTHER SAFTY DOCUMENTS6. ENGINEERS AND SAFETY7. MANAGEMENT AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES8. THE CHANGING ROLES OF SAFETY PERSONNEL9. PERSONNEL10.PROMOTING SAFE PRACTICECONTENTSCONTENTS11.APPRASING PLANT SAFETY12.HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL13.PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES14.ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS15.SAFETY ANALYSIS16.ACCELERATION, FALLS, FALLING OBJECTS, AND OTHER IMPACTS17.MECHANICAL INJURIES18.WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS19.HEAT AND TEMPERATURE20.PRESSURE HAZARDSCONTENTS21. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS22. FIRES AND FIRE SUPPRESSION23.EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES24.HAZARDS OF TOXIC MATERIALS25.ENVIRONMENTS26.CONFINED-SPACE ENTRY27.RADIATION28.VIBRATION AND NOISE29.COMPUTERS AND SAFETY1. Accident LossesCOST OF WELL-BEINGThe struggle to provide safeguards to eliminate or reduce accidents and the injuries and damages that results has been influenced by two mutually opposing consideration:(1)Costs of accident prevention, and (2)Moral regard for human life and well-being.1. Accident LossesCOST OF WELL-BEINGMany of the larger companies have found the mutual consideration and compromise beneficial, and workers have found themselves safer than if no safeguards were provided.1. Accident LossesCOST OF WELL-BEINGUnfortunately, many small companies still believe erroneously that safety programs are nonproductive and unprofitable. Their safety efforts are minimal and their accident and injury rates are higher than those of large companies.1. Accident LossesTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ACCIDENTSConcern about accidents and their avoidance has grown vastly since the start of the industrial revolution. Over the years, because accidents were said to be inevitable, the public came to accept them, although many were easily preventable. However, industrial workers and the general public have become increasingly aware of hazards that could endanger not only the employees in industrial plants but outsiders as well entire families and communities. INCREASING HAZARDSSIMPLE AND EASILY RECOGNIZED HAZARDSINTRODUCTIONOF ADVANCED TOOLS MORE AND MORE COMPLEX AND HARD TO RECOGNIZE ORUNDERSTAND HAZARDSPHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTSThe Division of Vital Statistics reports that accidents are the leading cause of death for persons from teenage up to age 45 (which are prime working years).In addition to the direct causes of deaths, accidents may result in long term internal medical effects.According to some estimates, the number of industrial accidents and injuries is actually ten times that cited by the National Safety Council. NUMBERS OF ACCIDENTS VS. COSTS“The best measure of accidents is monetary losses”.Total safety costs = immediate losses due to accidents + rehabilitation and restoration + accident prevention costs + legal costs + insurance + welfare + other safety cost + immeasurablesAt one time, the Bureau of Labor Standards considered that total accidents for a year were roughly four times the combined total of the workers compensation payment plus medical costs.Total losses far exceed the amounts reimbursable by insurance companies.LESSENING SAFETY COSTSTo reduce the cost of insurance, some companies self -insure themselves or use deductibles. Those deductibles are amounts not covered by insurance.An insurance companys settlement offer must be treated carefully.ACCIDENT LOSSES FOR PERSONNEL VS. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIESIn February 1973 an explosion took place in an empty liquefied natural-gas storage tank on Staten Island, New York. The collapse of the tank killed 37 workers and three safety inspectors. The total cost to insurers was only $2.8 million for the 40 persons killed and $40 for the tank.ACCIDENT LOSSES FOR PERSONNEL VS. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIESThe Labor Department cited the company that owned the tank for: failing to develop and maintain an effective fire prevention program, not instructing employees regarding unsafe conditions, failing to use equipment by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, not promptly restoring fire-alarm signaling equipment to use after tests, and failure to provide a place of employment free of recognized hazards.INCREASING MAGNITUDE OF ACCIDENT LOSSESNot only are hazards becoming more complex and the possibilities and extent of fatalities and injuries increasing, but so are potential monetary losses.The annual loss in the United States and western European countries increased from $11.9 million in 1960 to $280 million in 1978.AWARDS FOR INJURIESThe increase in monetary losses has been indicated by the size of awards made as the result of litigation because of accidents.AWARDS FOR INJURIESIn 1970 a jury made the highest award in legal history to that date ($3,650,000) for an injury. A young di