2012-2013Intercultural CommunicationsContents vUnit 1 Communication Across Cultures - An Introduction vUnit 2 Culture and Communication vUnit 3 Daily Verbal Communication vUnit 4 Verbal CommunicationvUnit 5 Language and CulturevUnit 6 Nonverbal Communication vUnit 7 Cultural Differences vUnit 8 Intercultural AdaptationUnit 2 Culture there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express themselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.” (Edward T. Hall, 1959)ve. “By culture, anthropology means the total life way of a people, the social legacy the individual acquires from his group. Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man.” (Clyde Kluckhohn, 1965)vf. “A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” (D. Brown, 1978)vf. “Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of thinks, says, does, and makes.” (R.kohls, 1979)vg. “The culture of every society is unique, containing combination of norms and values that are found nowhere else.” (I. Robertson, 1981)vix. “I treat culture the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. The mind stands for the head, heart, and hands- that is, for thinking, feeling, and acting, with consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and skills.” (G. Hofstede, 2001)The most widely accepted definition of culturevCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned, and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Characteristics of culture:1. Culture is shared2. Culture is not innate; it is learned Proverbs, folktales, legends and mythsThree ways through which Enculturation takes place:interactionobservationimitation 3. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation4. Culture is based on symbolsverbal languagenonverbal language (shaking hands or bowing) iconic language (flags, jewelry)5. Cultures are always changing Culture is subject to change (adaptive) Cultures are not static, and they are constantly changing and evolving .The Greek philosopher Heraclites : “you cannot step into the same river, for other waters are continually flowing in.” Cultures do not exist in a vacuum. v6. Culture is largely out-of-awareness - some images about culture Culture is like an iceberg Culture is our softwareCulture is the grammar of our behavior Culture is like the water a fish swims inLearning about culture and learning to do culturevto raise the hidden part of the iceberg vto enable you to addadd new software to your basic operating systems. (not to replace, not to change), to keep your computer up-to-date by adding software as necessary Basic Concepts of Communicationv1) Brainstormingv2) Definition of communicationv3) Elements of communication v4) Features of communicationBrainstormingva. What role does communication play in our life?vb. What elements are necessary for a successful communication event to take place?Definition of communicationvCommunication is “the essential human connection.” vCommunicate - Latin “commonis” (common)vA behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior. va process of encodingencoding and decodingdecoding v A fundamental of principle of communication is that the symbols the sender uses to communicate messages must have essentially the same meaning in both the senders and receivers minds.vContextvParticipantsvMessagesvChannelsvNoisevFeedbackElements of communication vContext: vphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementsLightingTemperaturethe time of daythe distance between the speaker and the listenervhistorical contextprevious communication eventsvpsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and othersvcultural contextcommunication normsParticipants: roles of senders and receiversSource: senders form messagesencodersReceiver: receivers process the messages and react to themdecoders variables affecting participantsrelationships: familiar or unfamiliargender: males or femalesculture: from the same culture or from different culturesMessages: vmeaningsthe meanings may not be transferred successfully vsymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voicevencoding and decod