如何撰写和发表高水平的科研论文 1. 选题与创新 2. 构思与撰文 3. 选刊与投稿 4. 修回与退稿 5. 其他内容 *1How to Write 如 采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去式（如：This study investigated）.This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change.We investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction.*44How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(iii) 概述实验程序、方法和主要结果，通常用现在式We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations.Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases.(iv) 叙述结论或建议可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could 等助动词。We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy.*45How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper 摘要写作的人称和语态有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、 过去时和被动语态。但调查表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920 1970 年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而 目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell” 等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了500 份医学和生物 学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回 避第一人称和主动语态。*46How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(4) 摘要的常用表达方法 引言部分(Introduction)(i) 回顾研究背景，常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等。 如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.*47How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(ii) 阐明写作或研究目的，常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim 等。另外 还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl- 2 interacted with other proteins.(iii) 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention 等。Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.*48How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper 方法部分(Methods)(i) 介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等。We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony.We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.(ii)说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate 等。We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC).This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, *49How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(iii) 介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有：use, apply, application 等。Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteins dnaml program.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30. 结果部分(Results)(i) 展示研究结果，常用词汇有：show, result, present 等。We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis.Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.*50How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(ii) 介绍结论，常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude 等。We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients.By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model. 讨论部分(Discussion)(i) 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe 等。The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. *51How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper(ii) 阐明论证，常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify 等。We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population.These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.(iii) 推荐和建议，常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect 等。The authors su