DFIDs Social Aspects of Construction (SAC) programme 由国际发展部资助的建筑业社会 问题(SAC)研究项目Implementing labour standards in infrastructure programmes: lessons from country pilots在基建项目中实施劳工标准 试点国家的教训 Mary Jennings ConsultantThe 9 Labour Standards 9个国际劳工标准4 core (ILO)nFreedom of associationnForced labournChild labournDiscrimination5 broadernHealth & SafetynWagesnHours & paynCasualisationnSocial SecurityBroader standards based on international conventions of the ILO & provisions within regional/national lawsThe international context 国际背景Organisations working on labour standards in infrastructure:n The ILOn The World Bankn Trade Unionsn Multilaterals: ADB, IFC, EU, BNDESn Bilaterals: DFID, JICA, DANIDAn NGOsLabour Standards & Poverty 劳工标准与贫穷nConstruction sector worlds largest employer of temporary workersnImpact on livelihoods Decent working conditions Security of employment Economic security & protection from “shocks” Rights, freedoms, dignity, well-beingnPromotes productivityNormal site practice 试点 our starting point 我们的出发点Notes from site visit, Zambia 2001n4 consecutive union reps dismissednWorkers paid $0.68 per day (below min wage)nWorkers kept as casuals for years to avoid SSnInjured workers pay own hospital treatmentnNo women employednNo overtime paynWater initially provided then stoppedPractical challenges 实际挑战nGaps between law and practicenLow capacity of local private sector firmsnConstraints in operating environment - access to credit, plant, timely paymentnInitial resistancenGovernment bias to lowest bidnSustainability?nInformal practices - incorrect certification level, falsification of records, leakageThings we knew we had to do in the SAC programme： 所要做的：nBase contract clauses on national law/ include social clausesnIdentify processes and issues for implementation & monitoringnMake capacity building a central aspect of the programmenProvide incentives for contractorsnInform workers - and reward them for compliancenAddress wider constraints - as far as possible - in collaboration with others (government, donors etc.)Labour standards: the SAC story 劳工标准：SAC的故事Implementation piloted in three countries:nGhana - formal contracting, bridges and roads programmes (DFID funded)nKerala - community contracting in the context of state decentralisation (government funded)nZambia - unpaid labour and formal contracting in urban water and sanitation programme (International NGO implemented)Ghana: formal contracting 加纳：正规签约 Context: Feeder roads bridges projectnComprehensive legal framework but Practice! Monitoring! (weakness of Min of Labour & TUs)nEnforcement wont work talk, negotiate, draw in all stakeholders - incentivesnCost labour standards into the contractnCapacity buildingKerala decentralisation: community contracting 克雷拉放权：社区承包Context: hospitals, schools, water supply, roadsnNo legislative or regulatory frameworknCorruptionnComprehensive worker protection in principlen5 of 9 LS being appliednWhen transferring responsibility, how to transfer liability? Formal workersInformal workersZambia “participatory unpaid schemes” 赞比亚参与式义务计划Context: urban water and sanitationnCommunity contributions “in kind”materials, free labour or forced work?nObjective of unpaid approach - ownership, cost sharing, sustainability? nBe clear about conditions of unpaid labournStrong social relations: (+) (-)ve Constraints/misunderstandings 限制/误解Myths 神话nLS are an outside impositionnCompliance is required nownIt is against contractor interestsnWorkers are not interestedReality 现实nStandards are based on (inter)national lawnImprovement is gradual nContractors welcome LS if supportednWorkers prefer to work for contractors who opt to address LSCosts 成本nGhana: physical provision of protective measures 2-3% of project costs + nSocial security, insurance nFacilitation of the processnKerala: insurance for casual workers Rp17 per workerRelevance to the China context 与中国的相关性nClosure of migrants detention centres has made their plight more visiblenDelays in payment of construction workers commonplace and publicly visiblenSARS / TB / HIV/AIDS construction sites are high risk transmission locationsnCivil society groups providing active support to injured migrant workersnResearch community documenting the plight of migrantsnRural sector reform bringing movement of people to cities. Need to accord workers their legal rights