Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Chapter 10: Language in Context Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10 Understanding Language Read the following sentences: The student forgot the solution was in the back of the book. While Agnes dressed the baby spit up on the bed. Known as garden path sentencesAmbiguous nature helps us to understand complexity within language.Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10 Reading Bottom-up processing Recognizing letters and words Top-down processing Meaning of words Expectations and prior knowledge about material Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Dyslexia Difficulty in reading and comprehending text Processes that can be impaired in dyslexia Phonological awareness Phonological reading Phonological coding Lexical accessCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Impaired Processes in Dyslexia Phonological awareness How many phonemes are in a word? Problems attaching sounds to letters Cannot attach the sound “cuh“ to the letter “c“ in the word “cat“ Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Impaired Processes in Dyslexia Phonological Reading Difficulty telling if two words rhymed or started with the same sound Difficulty in sounding out the entire word and then repeating the sounds rapidly so that the word can be identified Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Impaired Processes in Dyslexia Phonological Coding Using working memory Confuse phonemes like t & b, z, v or g Lexical Access Difficulty retrieving phonemes from long term memoryCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10 Consider Idioms All the rageCook the booksThe full meaning of a idiom is not the composition of the idioms elementary parts.Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Reading Processes Lexical ProcessesComprehension ProcessesCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Lexical Processes in ReadingSaccades Eyes pause on individual words or pairs of words Fixations last 1/4 to 1/2 of a second Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Research on Saccades ORegan (1979) Recorded saccades of participants Examined whether length or a syntactic feature led to a word being skipped Read a pair of sentences that began in the same way but ended differently The dog that growled the most was friendly The dog that growled ate many biscuitsHe claimed the ladies the maid knew lived in New York He claimed the ladies met many times to discussCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10ORegan (1979) Results “ the” was skipped substantially more often than three-letter verbs Example: the first pair of sentences given, the was more likely to be skipped in the first sentence than ate in the second The dog that growled the most was friendly The dog that growled ate many biscuitsEvidence that the syntactic and semantic components of words play a role in determining whether fixation occurs Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Carpenter & Just (1983) Recorded eye-movements 14 college students Asked to read normally 15 short excerpts from Time and Newsweek Asked to recall what they could of each paragraph after it was finishedCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Carpenter & Just (1983) Results Found that readers fixated on an average of 67.8 percent of the wordsContent words were fixated on 83% of the timeFunction words were fixated on 38% of the timeEvidence that the syntactic and semantic components of words play a role in determining whether fixation occurs Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10Lexical Access Retrieving the meaning of a word from our lexiconCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10DemonstrationBased on Reicher (1969)On the next several slides, a row of six letters will appear. You will then see two letters, one above and one below a letter that appearedGuess which of the two letters actually appeared in the appropriate locationCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXXX Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10JBDVLM Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXXX -L- -B- Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXXX Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10SOKDHR Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXXX -R-K-Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXXX Cognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10FATHERCognitive Psychology, Fifth Edition, Robert J. Sternberg Chapter 10XXXXX