v写文章的过程包括立主题、写提纲和动笔写三 大阶段。短文应试写作分为五个步骤。v审清题目v看到写作题后，首先关键的一步是审清题目： 认真分析题目所包含的内容和信息，判断出命 题者的意图。v构思选材v构思时要注意：思路要开阔，想象力要丰富。v选材是在写作意图的驱动下，自觉地、有目的 地搜集写作素材的过程。v草拟提纲v在正式写作之前，对文章从内容到结构有明确而清晰 的筹划，才能保证作文既紧扣主题，又有条不紊。v初学者最好还是写提纲，应试写作更是如此。v三种常用的提纲：v潦草提纲v字迹潦草，只言片语。v以作文题“The Advantage of Travel”为例，这种提纲可 能是：vSee place of interestvMeet different people vKeep us healthy标题式提纲v简洁醒目，以短语（尤其是名词短语）列为标题。这类提纲有两 个要求：标明段落层次，同一层次起码两个并列项。v.enjoy places of interestvEnjoy beautiful scenery in different placesvSee places read of in books vVisit famous cities and scenic spotsv. Know people and their customsvMeet people with different interestvSee strange and different thingsvTaste different foodv. Benefit us both mentally and physicallyvGain knowledge of geography and historyvKeep us healthy句子式提纲v每一部分的内容用完整的句子列出，对议论性 强的严密文章更为适合，这些句子实质上是各 段的主题句。v. Travel is beneficial to us in at least three ways.(introduction)v. First, we can see the beautiful scenery in different places.v. Second, we will meet different people.v. Third, by travelling we can keep healthy.v. Travel has now become more popular. (conclusion)v写作初稿v应力求一次性写作成功。考生既要写得 快，又要写得准确、工整、美观。v正确使用句子结构、修辞和表达方式， 尽量使用自己熟悉的单词、句型和表达 方式。v检查修改v修改主要应着眼于内容。第二节 写作的基本方法v定义法v定义法（definition）是用来说明的一种方法。用定义 法在叙述某一事物或论证某一概念时，需要读它进行 定义。vX is Y.（X代表被定义项，Y代表定义项，“is”是联项）vA letter is a written or printed message from one person to another.vX is Y + who（which或where）引起的定于从句vX refers to Y.（X applies to Y/X is applied to Y）vX is defined as Y.（X is called Y）vX means Y. / By X we mean Y. / X is meant Y.vBy civil rights we mean, politically, freedom.v主题句v主题句的概念v在英语篇章中，一致性原则通常体现在 各段的主题句里。一个比较规范的段落 通常由三部分组成：主题句，展开句或 推展句和结论句。主题句是全段核心。主题句的位置v主题句在段中可以居首、居中，也可以居尾。v主题句在段首vProgress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of the world population. Modern science, for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer. With improved living conditions, particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families. As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.v主题句在段尾vThrowing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesnt pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the value of this form of justice is now being questioned by the very men who have to apply it: the judges. The reason, they say, is that prison doesnt do anyone any good.v主题句在段中vJust as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him, Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.v主题句在段首与段尾vGood manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On the surface， it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan， and in a way this is true. vBut in any country， the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.怎样才能写好主题句v主题句首先应该是完整句。v主题句应有明显的导向。vGood health is very important to everyone.v主题句应尽量具体。列举法/分类法v列举法通过举例，分类法将被说明的对象按照一定的 标准划分成不同的类型。v次序关系词Afterward, eventually, finally, first, firstly, furthermore, lastly, moreover, next, second, secondary, then短语Above all, first and most important, in addition, in the end, in the second place, last but not least, to begin with, to conclude, to start with . Last but not least, our thanks should go to the technicians working behind the scenes.vI want to be a kindergarten teacher: to begin/start with, I have some kindergarten educational background, and secondary I am always very happy with those little kids.递进法v递进关系词Additionally, again, also, besides, moreover, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, meanwhile短语As well, equally important, in addition, in other words, last but not least, not onlybut also, onethe other, one the one handon the other hand, or rather, that is , in the same way, that is to say, whats more, what is more similar.v例证法v例证法在确定段落的主题后，举出实例来说明 观点。vHe is a very mean person, as an illustration, he is