6 6 簡介q6 SIGMA 起源及主要概念 q6 SIGMA 組織及人員認證 q基本統計應用 q執行主要步驟 D-M-A-I-C qCase StudyQRA : 2001/8/27天马行空官方博客：http:/t.qq.com/tmxk_docin ；QQ:1318241189；QQ群：175569632The Origins of SixSigma It originated in the 1980s as Motorola responded to the threat of Japanese competition which had far lower defective rates. The approach spread to AlliedSignal and to General Electric, whose Chief Executive Officer, Jack Welch, has been the most passionate advocate of SixSigma. Since introducing it worldwide in 1996, GE has made over $1 billion of cost savings.1979 年 ，當時 Motorola一位資深業務 主管 Arthur Sundry 在高階主管會議上 說：“Our quality levels really stink !“ Six Sigma Quality Program 此名稱乃 為 Motorola工程師 Bill Smith所建議， 為Robert Galvin所採納。何謂 6-Sigma ?Motorola :天马行空官方博客：http:/t.qq.com/tmxk_docin ；QQ:1318241189；QQ群：175569632n衡量指標n標竿研究n願景nPhilosophyn方法n工具n符號n目標n價值234 5 6308,53766,8076,210 233 3.4. DPMO可用以計算與衡量任何流 程Sigma 之另 一稱呼為標 準差2000年達成 6-Sigma水準4, 1996 - Jack Welch變成我們文化的一部份 - 成為我們生活的一部份.59Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From?Where Does “Six Sigma” Come From? MikelMikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects J. Harry one of the Original Architects Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation, Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation,Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts & Tools Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts & Tools Learning from Those Who Have had SuccessLearning from Those Who Have had Success With 6With 6Will Accelerate its Implementation at GEWill Accelerate its Implementation at GEWhat Does “Sigma” Mean?What Does “Sigma” Mean?Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a ProcessSigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a ProcessIt (It ( is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!天马行空官方博客：http:/t.qq.com/tmxk_docin ；QQ:1318241189；QQ群：175569632Motorola公司認為數據是滿足顧客的關鍵， 他 們常說： 1.如無法用數據表示我們所知的,那麼我們對它所知不多(If we cannot express what we know in numbers, we dont know much about it) 2.如果對它所知不多，就無法控制它 (If we dont know much about it, we cannot control it) 3.如果我們不能控制它，那只有靠運氣了(If we cannot control it, we are at the mercy of chance)Why “Six Sigma”?Why “Six Sigma”? Proven Successful in “Quality-Demanding” Industries e.g.,Proven Successful in “Quality-Demanding” Industries e.g.,Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series) Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series) Proven Method to Reduce CostsProven Method to Reduce Costs Highly Quantitative Method Science and Logic Instead of Gut FeelHighly Quantitative Method Science and Logic Instead of Gut Feel Includes Manufacturing & Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge Includes Manufacturing & Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge to to Design for QualityDesign for Quality Concepts Concepts Has Support and Commitment of Top ManagementHas Support and Commitment of Top ManagementIt Works!It Works!6有多小?Sigma PPM0.0020.574263.372,70045,500317,310面積一般教室2倍約6甲地約30個天安門廣場略大於台北市東莞市台灣省的面積時間1 秒鐘4.8 分鐘9 小時半個月約 9 個月5 年6-Sigma 狹隘解釋 - DPPM6 OverviewSigmaSigma3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 SpellingSpellingMoneyMoneyTimeTime1.51.5 Misspelled WordsMisspelled Words per Pageper Page in a Book in a Book1 1 Misspelled WordMisspelled Word per 30 Pagesper 30 Pages in a Book in a Book1 1 Misspelled Word inMisspelled Word in a a set of Encyclopediasset of Encyclopedias1 1 Misspelled Word in allMisspelled Word in all of the of the Books in a SmallBooks in a Small LibraryLibrary$2.7 $2.7 MillionMillion Indebtedness Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assetsper $1 Billion in Assets$570$570 IndebtednessIndebtedness per $1 Billion in Assetsper $1 Billion in Assets$63,000$63,000 IndebtednessIndebtedness per $1 Billion in Assetsper $1 Billion in Assets$2$2 IndebtednessIndebtedness per $1 Billion in Assetsper $1 Billion in Assets3 1/2 3 1/2 MonthsMonths per Centuryper Century2 1/2 2 1/2 DaysDays per Centuryper Century30 30 MinutesMinutes per Centuryper Century6 6 SecondsSeconds per Centuryper Century6 6 is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3is Several Orders of Magnitude Better Than 3 !Sigma: A Measure of QualitySigma: A Measure of Quality6的品質水準 0.002 DPPM , Cp=2中心值1.5的偏移3.4 DPPM, Cpk=1.5或用 DPMO (Defects Per Million Opportunities)表示4.5偏移1.5 在動態的真實世界中，每一件事都在不停的變化 著-溫度 -溼度 -工具的磨耗 -原料的差異 1.5乃由機率、估計、經驗而來參考資料:Evans, D.H. (1975) : Statistical Tolerancing : The State of the Art, Part III. Shifts and Drifts.6的四個假設常態分配1.5偏移和已知缺點乃隨意分佈，且不同零件製程相 互獨立品質改善的流程 1. 定義產品或服務 2. 鑑定顧客及其需求 3. 列出滿足顧客需求所