CHAPTER 1Odd-numbered questions are answered at the back of this book. 1. Classify each of the following as a law, a theory, or a hypothesis: a. All matter is composed of elements. b. 2 + 2 = 4 c. Black cats bring bad luck. d. The sun will set tonight, e. The gravitational pull of the sun and moon causes tides, f. It will rain tomorrow, g. Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold areas, h. There will be a party tonight on campus, 2. Distinguish among a scientific law, a hypothesis, and a theory. Are scientific laws broken? Explain. 3. With further testing, hypotheses may become theories, but not laws. Explain. 4. What does the phrase “establish scientifically“ mean? Why do scientists rarely use the phrase “it has been proven scientifically“? 5. Why are there many different scientific methods, not just one? 6. You are handed a sample of matter with a constant volume and an indefinite shape, What is its physical state? 7. Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: (a) wood, (b) cup of coffee, (c) toothpaste, (d) paint, (e) pure phosphorus, (f) pure table salt, (g) beer, (h) pure water, (i) muddy water, (j) iced tea, (k) pure ice, (1) pure mercury, (m) rubber. 8. Are measurements using SI units more exact than those using English units? chapter 2 1. Distinguish among and give examples of (a) a monomer, (b) a natural polymer, and (c) a synthetic polymer.2. Which of the following are copolymers? (a) Nylon, (b) polypropylene, (c) Orlon, and (d) Dacron. 3. Distinguish between (a) addition polymerization and (b) condensation polymerization. Give an example of each.4. Compare and contrast high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in terms of (a) method of preparation, (b) structure, (c) properties, and (d) common uses. 5. Which of the following monomers could be used to prepare addition polymers? 6. For the appropriate monomer units in Question 5, write the formula (as in Figure 2.1) for the addition polymer each would form.7. Would you expect Teflon to be less reactive chemically than nylon? Explain.8. Would you expect polypropylene or polystyrene to be more flexible? Explain.9. What is the polymer used in acrylic clothes fibers?10. Give four examples of vinyl addition polymers.11. For both of the following addition polymers, identify the monomer from which it was synthesized:12. Which of the following are elastomers? (a) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), (b) neoprene, (c) natural rubber, and (d) Plexiglas.13. The process of using sulfur to cross-link rubber is called .14. Name the three principal components of paints. Which of the three involves polymers? How have polymers made modern paints longer-lasting and easier to use?15. Which of the substances in Question 5 could be used as a monomer to synthesize a condensation polymer? 16. Which substance in Question 5 could be a monomer unit for producing a polyester? A polyamide? 17. You buy some clothing made of polyester fiber. Explain the meaning of polyester in terms of chemical structure and reaction.18. What is nylon-66?19. What is a silicone polymer? How are such polymers formed?20. Compare the general polymer structures of silicone oils and silicone rubber.21. Examine Table 14.1. Which polymers, when burned, could give off hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas? Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas?22. What is the function of PCBs as plasticizers? What are the problems with using PCBs? . 23. Examine Figure 2.8. Draw the structures for two other compounds that could be classified as PCBs1. Why is ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) soluble in water when cetyl alcohol (C16H33OH) is not? 2. What structural features must a surfactant have?3. Identify which of the following would act as surfactants:CHAPTER 3 4. Name the four special properties of a surfactant. 5. Comparing surfactant-water mixtures to plain water, identify which of the following statements are true: (a) The mixture forms droplets more easily on a smooth surface; (b) the mixture tends to be more sudsy; (c) the mixture dissolves more oily materials; (d) dust floats better on the mixture; (e) the mixture has more difficulty soaking into fabrics. 6. Describe how a surfactant (a) reduces surface tension, (b) increases wetting, and (c) causes suds and foam. 7. Explain how a surfactant can break up oily and greasy dirt into microscopic droplets and suspend them in water. 8. What is soap? 9. What is the difference between hard water and soft water? How can hard water be softened? 10. How does soap interact with hard water? 11. Why isnt soap widely used in the United States for washing clothes? 12. What are the two principal types of ingredients in a modern laundry product? 13. Which of the substances in Question 3 could be classified as (a) anionic detergent, (b) cationic detergent, or (c) nonionic detergent? 14. Why are anionic surfactants more effective than