Lecture 2 The ParagraphOutline 1. 1. 关于段落关于段落 2. 2. 段落的三成分段落的三成分 3. 3. 段落的三要素段落的三要素 4.4.段落的拓展方法段落的拓展方法 5. 5. 练习练习关于段落 段落就是用一系列在逻辑和结构上有联 系的句子来表述一个中心思想。段落的实 质性问题就是必须把中心思想表述清楚， 段落的长短取决于它在文章中的地位。一 般说来，段落由三个部分组成(过渡性段落 除外)，即：主题句、扩展句和结论句主题句、扩展句和结论句。提出中心思想 topic sentence解释说明中心思想 support sentence总结重申中心思想 conclusion段落的三成分 主题句 主题句是表示一个段落的中心思想的完 整句子，这种句子是一种高度概括性的陈 述，而不涉及具体细节。根据具体写作的 需要，主题句可放在段首、段中、段尾， 或段首段尾两次出现，或不明确写出，而 是暗示出来。主题句的形态和功能主题句的形态和功能 主题（a topic）作者的观点（an opinion or statement） The benefits of participating in sports are numerous. My favorite program is “Friend”. I enjoy the programs about real people and real experience. 主题句的作用主题句的作用 提示读者这一段的主要写作目的是什么 让读者产生预感，知道其后大致要涉及什么 内容。People view money differently.Some people consider money the root of all evil.主题句的特点主题句的特点 1. 主题句应具有概括性，而扩展句需要具体 。 Each program will focus on a particular friend who can be either a celebrity or an everyday person. Friend is a very popular talk show. The cost of making fake products is usually lower than real ones. We have to wonder why fake products are so prevalent. 2.主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事 实。如: Many college students do part-time job. Many college students do part-time jobs for various reasons. Many people buy pirated products because the price is much lower than legal ones. The reason why people buy pirated products is various. General Statement (一般陈述句) Specific Statement (具体陈述句) The person ate a big meal. Sandy ate a dozen eggs, a pound of bacon, six pieces of toast and drank a glass of orange juice before she went to class this morning. Supply a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs: Different colors usually stand for different feelings. Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate red with a strong feeling like anger. Red is also used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of leaves in autumn. People say orange is a lively color. They associate orange with happiness. Yellow is the color of sunlight. People say it is a cheerful color. They associate yellow, too, with happiness. Green is the cool color of grass in spring. People say it is a refreshing color. Road is important in the development of history. It is the road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the road which controls the development of strategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the road that gives its frame-work to all economic development. It is the road which is the channel of all trade, and, what is more important, of all ideas. In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from place to place would be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance without which organized society would be impossible, thus the road moves and controls all history. A cat is not as devoted as a dog.A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to; and even when the house changes hands, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort, and its love is only cupboard love段落的三成分 支持句 主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用 来进一步阐述、解释、说明主题句。可以 用具体的事例、证据或进一步论证的手法 来达到支持主题句的目的。 一个段落的支持句有主要支持句(major supporting sentences)和次要支持句 (minor supporting sentences)之分。 主要支持句的特点是围绕段落主题句展开 ，每一个支持句本身都不要求作进一步的 说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独 立又是互相连接的。 次要支持句是指对主要支持句作进一步的 事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或 某几个支持句。 There are several factors affecting climate. One factor is the amount of sunlight received. Altitude ,or the height above the sea level, also determines climate. The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent（邻近的） land. In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation(循环） of the atmosphere.But the pirated products really do much But the pirated products really do much harm.harm. First, they infringe intellectual First, they infringe intellectual property rights. Second, they offend against property rights. Second, they offend against the rules of the market. As a result of piracy, the rules of the market. As a result of piracy, companies investing in invention will companies investing in invention will inevitably run bankruptcy and our society inevitably run bankruptcy and our society will stop where it is.will stop where it is. 习作评析 Can Money Buy Happiness 有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 我的看法（my opinion）Some say that society today is based on money. There is Some say that society today is based on money. There is no no ( (主题句主题句) ) question that money is important in our lives. People view question that money is important in our lives. People view （主题句）（主题句） （转折句（转折句 ） money differently. Some