Phonetics-Chapter Three*1哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红ContentsI. Definition of Phonetics;II. International Phonetic Alphabet;III. Branches of Phonetics;IV.Articulatory Phonetics.Date2哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红语音学就是对在所有人类语言或 某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研 究。I. Definition of PhoneticsPhonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.Date3哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红II. International Phonetic Alphabet2.1 What is it?;2.2 Why do we use it?;2.3 How do we use it?.Date4哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红国际音标字母表2.1 What is it?International Phonetic Alphabet (shortened as IPA) is the phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association (also shortened as IPA) in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.Date5哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红2.2 Why do we use it?The first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many languages;The second reason is that we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned.Date6哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红2.3 How do we use it?Broad Phonetic Transcription: is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. pen;Narrow Phonetic Transcription: is that which not only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics, e.g. ph.宽式标音法严式标音法.Date7哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Diacritics （变音符） are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. Examples are i:, , , and , etc.Date8哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红broad /narrow transcription 宽式和严式标音 When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription. Both are phonetic transcriptions so we put both forms in square brackets .Date9哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Common Phonemic RulesAspiration hUnreleased Stop Flap Dental Consonants Velarization Voicelessness Vowel lengthening Vowel nasalization Date10哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Date11哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红III. Branches of PhoneticsArticulatory PhoneticsAcoustic PhoneticsAuditory PhoneticsDate12哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Articulatory Phonetics（发音语音学）: is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs; Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学）: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear; Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学）: is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.Date13哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红IV. Articulatory Phonetics4.1 Articulatory Organs;4.2 English Consonants;4.3 English Vowels;4.4 Natural Classes of Sounds;4.5 Binary Feature Description of Sounds.Date14哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Oral Cavity （口腔）Pharynx （咽）Larynx（喉） vocal cords 4.2.2 Subdivisions;4.2.3 Some other issues.Date23哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞或 变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产 生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。4.2.1 DefinitionA consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced.Date24哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4.2.2 Subdivisions4.2.2.1 Places of articulation（发音部位 ）:It means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted, obstructed or blocked;TABLEDate25哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Place where sounds are producedDate26哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4.2.2.2 Manners of articulation（发音方 式）:It means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.Date27哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4.2.2.1 Places of articulationBilabials（双唇音）: p b m w;Labiodentals（唇齿音）: f v;Interdentals（齿间音）: ;Alveolars（齿龈音）: t d n s z l r;Palatals（硬腭音）: j;Velars（软腭音）: k g ; Glottal（声门音）: h.Date28哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红4.2.2.2 Manners of articulationStops（爆破音）: Oral stops: p b t d k g;Nasal stops: m n ;Fricatives（摩擦音）: f v s z h ;Affricates（破擦音）: ;Liquids（流音）: l r;Glides（滑音）: j w;Voiceless vs. Voiced Sounds （清/浊音） .Stops are the sounds in which the airflow is briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity. Fricatives are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.Affricates are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.Liquids are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth. Glides are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.Voiceless sounds are those produced with open, non-vibrating vocal cords; while voiced sounds with vibrating vocal cords.Date29哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红Manners of articulation( Median) Approximant (中）通音: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narro