第一节 税收经济效应的作用机制 第二节 税收的经济影响 第三节 税收与经济发展第九章 税收的经济效应财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编9.1 The theory of the economic effect of taxation 9.2 The effect of taxation in economy 9.3 Economy growth and taxation.Chapter 9 The economic effect of taxation财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编第一节 税收经济效应的作用机制l一、税收的收入效应l(the income effect )l二、税收的替代效应l(the substitution effect )财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编l税收的经济效应是指纳税人因国家课税 而在经济选择或者经济行为方面作出的反应； 或者是指国家课税对消费者的选择以至生产者 决策的影响。 收入效应l税收的经济效应 目标替代效应促进经济增长收入公平分配促进经济稳定财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编一、税收的收入效应l税收将纳税人的一部分收入转移到政 府手中，使纳税人的收入下降，从而 降低商品购买量和消费水平。财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编第一节 税收的经济效应作用机制 l假定：纳税人的收入是固定的，全部收入用于购买食 品和衣物，商品的价格不变。食品P1P2AO衣物B图9-1 税收的收入效应CD税前预算约束征税使预算约束平移财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编二、税收的替代效应l当政府对不同的商品实行征税或不征税 、重税或轻税的区别对待时，会影响商 品的相对价格，使纳税人减少征税或重 税商品的购买量，而增加无税或轻税商 品的购买量，即以无税或轻税商品替代 征税或重税商品。财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编第一节 税收的经济效应作用机制l假定对食品征税，对衣物不征税I3I1P3P1EBO衣 物食品A 税前预算约束征税旋转预算约束财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编第二节 税收的经济影响l一、税收对劳动供给的影响l(the effect in labor supply) l二、税收对居民储蓄的影响l(the effect in saving) l三、税收对投资的影响l(the effect in investment )l四、税收对个人收入分配的影响l(the effect in individual income distribution )财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编税收储蓄投资劳动技术经济增长公平分配个人收入分配经济发展财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编第二节 税收的经济影响l一、税收对劳动供给的影响l（一）税收对劳动供给的收入效应和替代效应分 析l（二）我国的实际情况财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编lBetween 1987 and 1988, Iceland transitioned from a retrospective income tax system (e.g., paying the previous years income) to a flat income tax system on a pay-as-you-go basis.lDuring this transition, the labor income from 1987 was never taxed.l lFigure 1Figure 1 shows the labor market result.税收对劳动供给的一个事实财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Figure 1Labor supply spiked in 1987, a transition year with no income tax.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编lOverall employment spiked up from 78% to 81% during the year.lReal GDP growth rate leapt up from 4.3% to 8.5%.lAs the chart shows, these effects were transitory, however. Once the anticipated “tax holiday” ended, the economy returned to normal.税收对劳动供给的一个事实财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编lThis example highlights that taxes can affect economic decisions, such as the one to work.lIn balancing equity versus efficiency, higher taxes may discourage work and shrink the size of the economic pie.税收对劳动供给的一个事实财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编TAXES ON LABOR SUPPLY THEORY Basic TheorylThe basic labor supply theory is similar to the analysis of cash welfare on labor supply, which was reviewed earlier.lAva has a utility function, U(L,C), where L represents hours of leisure, and C is consumption goods.lHer budget constraint is illustrated in Figure 2Figure 2.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编ConsumptionLeisureBC1BC2slope = -wslope = -w(1-)L1C1Figure 2Before the income tax, Ava chooses L1.An income tax rotates the budget constraint.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supply Theory Basic TheorylAvas initial budget constraint, the blue line, is initially expressed as:lWhere the price of consumption goods is normalized to unity, and T is the full time endowment.lShe initially chooses bundle A, that is (L1,C1).财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supply Theory Basic TheorylAfter a proportional income tax is introduced, her budget constraint rotates downward to the red line, becoming:lFor any given amount of work effort, Ava would be able to purchase fewer consumption goods.lAvas wage rate falls from w to (1-J)w.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supply Theory Basic TheorylAn important policy question is whether this income tax discourages Ava from working.l lFigure 3Figure 3 illustrates two possibilities of the income tax.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编ConsumptionConsumptionLeisureLeisureBC1BC2BC1BC2L1L1L2L2C1C2C1C2Substitution effect is largerIncome effect is largerFigure 3Ava works less.Ava works more.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supply Theory Basic TheorylIn the first picture, Ava consumes more leisure and less hours of work. Here leisure increases from L1 to L2. In this case, the substitution effect is larger than the income effect.lIn the second picture, Ava consumes less leisure and more hours of work. Here leisure decreases from L1 to L3. In this case, the substitution effect is smaller than the income effect.lAt low levels of labor supply, it seems very unlikely that income effects could be larger than substitution effects, because the income effects are proportional to hours worked before the wage change.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supply Theory Limitations on the theorylThe basic labor supply theory is an “idealized view” of the labor market. In reality, a number of additional constraints factor in.lFor example, it is unlikely that individuals can freely adjust their hours of work.lIn addition, constraints like overtime pay change the budget constraint.lOvertime pay rules mean that workers in most jobs must legally be paid one and a half times their regular hourly pay if they work more than 40 hours per week.lThese rules create a non-convexity in the budget constraint, and make it expensive for firms to hire workers for more than 40 hours per week.财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor supplyEmpirical Empirical EvidenceEvidence财政学(第六版） 陈共 主编Taxes on labor s