无规矩不成方圆无规矩不成方圆How to Write a Scientific PaperHow to Write a Scientific Paper何为规、矩？如何成方圆？何为规、矩？如何成方圆？n n管子管子 形势解形势解：“ “以规矩为方以规矩为方 圜则成，以尺寸量长短则得。圜则成，以尺寸量长短则得。” ” n n矩规ScientificPaperParts of a scientific paperParts of a scientific papern nTitleTitlen nAbstractAbstractn nIntroductionIntroductionn nMethodsMethodsn nResultsResultsn nDiscussionDiscussionn nReferenceReference规TitleTitle（规（规 1 1）n n简明、确切，不要太长、太笼统简明、确切，不要太长、太笼统n n英文题名可省去冠词和不定冠词英文题名可省去冠词和不定冠词n n不应列入非公知的符号、代号。不应列入非公知的符号、代号。AbstractAbstract（规（规 2 2）n n内容：目的、方法、结果、结论内容：目的、方法、结果、结论n n长度：长度：100150100150字字n n英文摘要非常关键英文摘要非常关键l l内容内容l l格式格式l l语句时态语句时态l l用用词准确性词准确性IntroductionIntroduction（规（规 3 3）The purpose of this part is to introduce The purpose of this part is to introduce the paper.the paper.要吸引读者注意要吸引读者注意n n1 1）clearly definition of the problemclearly definition of the problemn n2) literature review and choice of 2) literature review and choice of method method n n3) principle results and conclusions.3) principle results and conclusions. 此外，引言的一个重要作用就是定义、此外，引言的一个重要作用就是定义、 解释一些专有名词，并写出缩写。解释一些专有名词，并写出缩写。Methods Methods （规（规 4 4）n n1) detailed description of the 1) detailed description of the used methods.used methods.采用的方法的采用的方法的详细详细描述描述n n2 2）why to use this method?why to use this method?n n3 3）Measurements and analysisMeasurements and analysisn n4) references4) referencesResults Results （规（规 5 5）n n1)1)关于试验的整体描述，但不要重复前面的关于试验的整体描述，但不要重复前面的 细节信息细节信息Example:It is clearly show in table 1 that Example:It is clearly show in table 1 that the STLSC algorithm produced much the STLSC algorithm produced much smaller areal difference than other smaller areal difference than other methods. methods. The STLSC algorithm produced much The STLSC algorithm produced much smaller areal difference than other smaller areal difference than other methods(Table 1) methods(Table 1) n n2 2）present the datapresent the datan n3) 3) 要求简洁，但要指代清楚要求简洁，但要指代清楚. .Discussion Discussion （规（规 6 6）n n1) 1) 写结果所表现出的一般化原理、关写结果所表现出的一般化原理、关 系，注意是系，注意是讨论讨论而不是概括而不是概括n n2 2）不足之处，没有考虑的问题，不）不足之处，没有考虑的问题，不 要遮掩要遮掩, ,不要夸大不要夸大n n3) 3) 与相关其他研究的对比与相关其他研究的对比n n4 4）理论、实际应用价值）理论、实际应用价值n n5 5）清晰的重申结论，并总结每一条）清晰的重申结论，并总结每一条 结论的依据。结论的依据。DiscussionDiscussion与与IntroductionIntroduction是对应的关是对应的关 系，系，discussion answers what the discussion answers what the introduction asked.introduction asked.ReferenceReference（规（规7 7）n引用文献中书刊的层次、数量、 出版年份要仔细挑选核实，因为 它可反映论文的学术水平和创新 程度n应遵循GB 7714-87文后参考文 献著录规则和中国学术期刊 （光盘版）检索与评价数据规范 何为规、矩？如何成方圆？何为规、矩？如何成方圆？n n管子管子 形势解形势解：“ “以规矩为方以规矩为方 圜则成，以尺寸量长短则得。圜则成，以尺寸量长短则得。” ” n n矩规ScientificPaper英文写作的英文写作的 “ “矩矩” ”n n时态时态n n语态语态n n常见的用词及句法错误常见的用词及句法错误Tense in scientific writing (Tense in scientific writing (矩矩1.1)1.1)Past tensePast tense: Abstract; Materials : Abstract; Materials and Methods; Resultsand Methods; ResultsPresent tensePresent tense: Introduction and : Introduction and part of Discussion.part of Discussion.Tense in scientific writing (Tense in scientific writing (矩矩1.2)1.2)n nWhenever you state Whenever you state previously previously published knowledge or published knowledge or findingsfindings, ethics requires you to , ethics requires you to treat the work with respect. You treat the work with respect. You do this by using do this by using present tensepresent tense. .n nYou would do this as you would You would do this as you would say The earth is round .say The earth is round .n nYour Your own present workown present work must be must be referred to in the referred to in the past tensepast tense. .语态语态 ( (矩矩2)2)n nActive versus passive voiceActive versus passive voicen nActive voiceActive voice : “I”, ”We” : “I”, ”We”n nPassive voicePassive voice: “it was : “it was found/proved that ”found/proved that ”尽量少用被动语态尽量少用被动语态 Example:“the authors found” Example:“the authors found” instead of ”it was found”instead of ”it was found”n nExceptionException: Methods part: Methods part常见的用词和句法错误（矩常见的用词和句法错误（矩3 3）n nEach/everyEach/every ExampleExample1 1）If I had a dollar for every mistake I If I had a dollar for every mistake I have made, how much would I have made, how much would I have?have?The answer is one dollar. The answer is one dollar.2 2） If I had a dollar for each mistake I If I had a dollar for each mistake I have made, how much would I have made, how much would I have?have?I would be a millionaire. I would be a millionaire.常见的用词和句法错误（矩常见的用词和句法错误（矩3 3）n nIt It This common, useful pronoun This common, useful pronoun can cause a problem if an can cause a problem if an antecedent is not clear.antecedent is not clear. e.g. “Free information about VD. To get e.g. “Free information about VD. To get it, call 555-7000.”it, call 555-7000.”n nOnlyOnly . It must be placed correctly. “I . It must be placed correctly. “I (only) hit (only) him (only) in the eye (only) hit (only) him (only) in the eye (only) yesterday.”(only) yesterday.”n nQuiteQuite. . 尽量不用