1PeriodPeriod ThreeThree GrammarGrammar，SpeakingSpeaking & & WritingWriting一、动词inging 形式(现在分词)作状语的句法功能1.作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)。Walking in the park，she saw an old friend.When/While (she was) walking in the park，she saw an old friend.当她在公园里散步时，她看到了她的一个老朋友。Having finished the homework，he went shopping.After he had finished his homework，he went shopping.完成作业后，他就去购物了。注意：当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上 when/while，此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。2.作原因状语。一般可转换成由 as 或 because 引导的原因状语从句。Being ill，he couldnt go to school.As he was ill，he couldnt go to school.因为生病了，他无法去上学。Not knowing how to get there，I had to ask the way.As I did not know how to get there，I had to ask the way.因为不知道如何到那里，我只得问路。3.作条件状语。一般放在句首，其前可以加 if，unless 等连词。Working hard，and youll make great progress.If you work hard，youll make great progress.如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。Unless working harder，youll surely fail in the exam.除非更加努力，否则你无法通过考试。4.作方式状语。不能用状语从句来代替。He came running back to tell me the news.他跑回来告诉我这个消息。2We visited a number of cities，traveling by train.我们坐火车访问了好多城市。5.作伴随状语。表示伴随的次要动作或补充说明，相当于一个并列谓语。Every evening they sat on the sofa，reading books.Every evening they sat on the sofa，and read books.他们每天晚上坐在沙发上读书。I stood by the door，not daring to say a word.I stood by the door，and didnt dare to say a word.我站在门旁，一句话也不敢说。6.作让步状语。一般放在句首，常常由 although/though，while，even if/though 等连词引入。Although repeating his words many times，the teacher could not make her understand what he meant.尽管重复了很多遍，老师仍无法让她理解自己的意思。While achieving great achievements，he is very modest.虽然取得了很大的成就，但他很谦虚。7.作结果状语(表示自然而然的结果，不定式短语作结果状语表示事与愿违的结果)。置于句末，前面经常加 so，thereby，thus，hence 等表示结果的副词。He worked day and night，thus making himself nearsighted.他日夜工作，结果造成眼睛近视。The fire lasted nearly a month，leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了将近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。注意：(1)现在分词作状语时除了可以表示上述情况外，还可表示补充说明。Please hand in your homework，writing down your name and your number.请交上你们的家庭作业，写上姓名和学号。(2)一般说来，分词(短语)作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致，但事实上有少数特殊情况。当句子中含有主语 it 或 there 时，有时用作状语的分词短语的逻辑主语可以与句子的主语不一致。Having so little time，there was not much that I could do.由于时间很少，我能做的事情很有限。当分词已转化成为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。Supposing she doesnt come，what shall we do?要是她不来我们该怎么办？(supposing 为连词，意为“假若”)3Seeing (that) he didnt help others，no one would like to help him.鉴于他不帮助别人，没有人愿意帮助他。(seeing (that)为连词，意为“鉴于，由于”)当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的 one 或 you 时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。In doing such work，patience is needed.When one does such work，patience is needed.做这种工作需要耐心。即时跟踪 1 用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Being(be) so angry，he couldnt go to sleep.2.Holding(hold) guns，the soldiers rushed out.3.The children went out of the school，talking(talk) and laughing(laugh).4.The fish can eat a man in a few minutes，leaving(leave) only the bones.5.Walking(walk) along the valley，we came across a large cave.6.Arriving(arrive) at the worksite，she found them busy laying bricks.7.When leaving(leave) the airport，they waved again and again to us.二、动词inging 形式的时态动词ing 形式的完成式：having done，表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，并且只能作状语，表示时间或原因(一般式表示动词ing 形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生)。Having lived in London for years，I almost know every place quite well.在伦敦住了多年，我几乎对那儿的每个地方都很熟悉。(having lived 作状语，表示原因，live 动作发生在 know 动作之前)Having worked for three hours(After he (had) worked for three hours)，he took a rest.工作了三个小时之后，他休息了一下。(having worked 作状语，表示时间，work 动作发生在 take a rest 动作之前)He stood there，waiting for a bus.他站在那里等公共汽车。(waiting 为动词ing 形式的一般式作状语，与 stand 动作同时发生)即时跟踪 2 句型转换41.After he had washed his face，he went to the park.Having washed his face，he went to the park.2.After she finished her work，she began to see the film.Having finished her work，she began to see the film.3.Because we hadnt received his answer，we wrote a letter to him.Not having received his answer，we wrote a letter to him.三、动词inging 形式的否定式：notnot doingdoing；notnot havinghaving donedoneNot knowing this，he didnt come.他不知道这件事，所以没来。Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。即时跟踪 3 完成句子1.Not recognizing the voice(未辨认出这个声音)，he refused to give the person his address.2.Not knowing his telephone number(不知道他的电话号码)，I couldnt get in touch with him.3.Not having been invited to the party(未被邀请参加聚会)，she had to stay home.四、评论性状语/悬垂分词有些现在分词作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有 generally/strictly/frankly speaking，judging from，considering，supposing，providing 等。Generally speaking，girls are more interested in literature than boys.一般说来，女孩子比男孩子更喜欢文学。即时跟踪 4 完成句子1.Frankly speaking(坦率地说), I dont like her songs at all.2.Judging from his accent(根据他的口音判断), he may be from the south of China.五、独立主格现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。5The rain having stopped，we went on marching.雨停之后，我们继续前进。即时跟踪 5 完成句子1.Many eyes watching him(许多眼睛看着他)，he felt a bit nervous.2.Weather permitting(如果天气允许), we will go to the park.用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Newlybuilt wooden cottages line the street，turning(turn) the old town into a dreamland.(2016北京)2.People probably cooked their food in large pots，using(use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.(2016全国)3.Like ancient sailors，bir