医学英语术语学及应用医学英语术语学及应用20082008年年9 9月月Chapter OneChapter OneAn Etymological Study of English An Etymological Study of English LanguageLanguageIndo-European and Germanic Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesInfluences English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today. The word for “father” ,vater (in German), pater (in Greek), pedar (in Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit)Indo-European and Germanic Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesInfluences In case of the word “brother”, it is of similar nature. In Greek it is phrater, in Latin frater, in Sanskrit bhratar, in French frere and in German bruder the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.Old English (450 -1100)Old English (450 -1100) The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas. Anglo-Saxons Old English (450 -1100)Old English (450 -1100) the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.Old English (450 -1100)Old English (450 -1100) The invaders language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English water, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English rootsThe Norman Conquest and Middle The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)English (1100 -1500) William the Conqueror, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.The Norman Conquest and Middle The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)English (1100 -1500) The influence of the Normans: beef and cow Beef Anglo-Norman Cow German The mixture of the two languages: Middle EnglishEarly Modern English Early Modern English (1500 -1800)(1500 -1800) The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music William ShakespeareLate Modern English Late Modern English (1800 - Present)(1800 - Present) The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary. Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire Neologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine (Latin /Greek roots)Late Modern English (1800 - Late Modern English (1800 - Present)Present) Horsepower, airplane, typewriter (English roots) This burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers: cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchipLate Modern English (1800 - Late Modern English (1800 - Present)Present) In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English. Finally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the languageChapter TwoChapter Two An Etymological Study of Medical English Based on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories: native and borrowed.Words Evolved from Old Words Evolved from Old EnglishEnglish Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.Anatomic WordsAnatomic WordsanklebackbladderbloodchesteareyefootgumhairhandkneelipliverlungneckorganthroattongueWords Denoting ConceptsWords Denoting ConceptsacheblindbreathbruisefeverhealmindcoldWords Originated from GreekWords Originated from Greek From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek. Words Originated from GreekWords Originated from GreekacmeanorexiacoloncomadiagnosisdyspepticglaucomametastasisnecrosispandemicparalysispneumoniapsychologyWords Originated from LatinWords Originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest. Words Originated from LatinWords Originated from LatinabscessacuteaortaautopsybacteriacellcliniccortexdystrophyhydrophobiainflamemedicinemuscleobstetricsplacebopanaceaprognosistumorWords Borrowed from FrenchWords Borrowed from French After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words,