Section A (1a 2d)How do you go to school ? How do you study for a test ? - I study by listening to the tapes. How do you learn English? - I study by studying with agroup.working with friendsreading the textbookmaking word cardsHow do you study for an English test ? I study by .making vocabulary listsreading aloudwatching English-language videoslistening to tapesasking the teacher for help How do you study for an English test ? I study by working with friends.watch an English movietake English classescommunicate with foreignersstudy with a groupsurf the Internet.read in the libraryjoin a clubHow does he/she learn English ? He /She learns by How do they learn English ? They learn by.“by + 动名词”常常表示手段、方 式或方法，可以用来回答how引导 的特殊疑问句。- How do you learn English?- I learn English by watching English movies.Explanationby 的用法介词, 表示通过方法或途径的意思, 译成“靠, 通 过”, 后面可加名词或名词短语。 1) The house was destroyed by fire. 房屋被火烧毁了。 2) travel by air /land/sea. 航空（陆路，航海）旅行 3) go by train /boat/ bus 乘火车（船，公共汽车）去 4) shake sb. by the hand 和某人握手 5) I study English by watching English movies. 我通过看英文电影学英语。另外, by作为介词的意义有很多, 例如: 1）在旁边，靠近There is a power station by the river. 河边有一个电厂。2）沿着，经由 come by the highway 由公路 来3）由于 bymistake 由于差错4）被，由 some articles written by Lu Xun一些由鲁迅写的 文章5）表示面积 a room 5m by 4m 一间长五米宽四米的房间6）逐批 one by one 一个接一个Check ( ) the ways you study for an English test. Then add other ways you sometimes study._a. by working with friends _b. by making word cards _c. by reading the textbook _d. by listening to tapes _e. by asking the teacher for help _ _ 1a1bListen. How do these students study for a test? Write letters from 1a above._ 1. Meiping_ 2. Peter_ 3. TonybedI study by making word cards.1cA: How do you study for a test?B: I study by working with a group.Questions 1. _ Do you learn English by watching videos? 2. _ Do you have conversations with friend in English? 3. _ What about listening to tapes? 4. _ What about reading aloud to practicepronunciation? 5. _ Have you ever studied with a group?Listen and check ( ) the questions you hear.2a Listen again. Match each question abovewith an answer below.Questions 1. _ Do you learn English by watching videos? 2. _ Do you have conversations with friend in English? 3. _ What about listening to tapes? 4. _ What about reading aloud to practicepronunciation? 5. _ Have you ever studied with a group?d bca2ba. Yes, I have. Ive learned a lot that way. b. Oh, yes. It improves my speaking skills. c. I do that sometimes. I think it helps. d. No. Its too hard to understand spoken English.2cMake conversations using the information in 2a and 2b.A: Have you ever studied with a group?B: Yes, I have. Ive learned a lot that way.Survey Ask your partners how he or she studies for a test and then do a report.NameHow to study for a test ?Report: XX studies for a test by 2dRole-play conversation.Jack: Annie, Im a little nervous. I have to finish reading a book and give a report next Monday. Annie: That doesnt sound too bad. Jack: But Im a very slow reader. Annie: For the first time, just read quickly to get the main ideas. Dont read word by word, read word groups. Jack: But I dont understand many of the words. I have to use a dictionary.Annie: Try to guess a words meaning by reading the sentences before and afterit. You probably understand more than you think. Jack: That sounds difficult! Annie: Well, be patient. It takes time. You can become better by reading something you enjoy every day. The more you read,the faster youll be.现在完成时 (Present Perfect)现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；或这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并将继续下去。构成：1. 肯定句 现在完成时的肯定句式是 “have (has)过去分词”。 注意：该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用 于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。 2. 否定句：现在完成时的否定句式是 “havent（hasnt）过去分词”。 3. 疑问句：现在完成时的一般疑问句式 是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。 回答用Yes, have (has). /No, havent (hasnt).连用时间状语：already, yet, ever, never, just, before, several times 等。注意：当have被用在现在完成时态中时，它可以和前面的代名词一起组成缩写形式 。 我曾经到过纽约。 Ive been to New York once before. 我刚丢了我的铅笔盒。Ive just lost my pencil-box.注意：never, ever一般置于助动词动词 have/has之后，过过去分词词之前。1. never 从来没有，从不，表示否定He has never seen such a tall building. 他从未见过这么高的楼。 2. ever 曾经，主要用于疑问句Have you ever wanted to travel around the world? 你曾经想要周游世界吗？have been to与have gone to 的区别别 1. have (has) been to意为为“曾经经去过过某地”，表 示现现在已经经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never 等连连用。如：Ive just been to the post office. 我刚刚才去邮邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经经去过过杭州吗吗？ Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽玛丽 从未去过长过长 城。have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过过某 地几次。Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们们去过过那个村庄好