2003-2004Steps on the Road to Steps on the Road to BiotechnologyBiotechnologySECTION 1*8000 B.C.8000 B.C. Humans Humans domesticatedomesticate crops and livestock. crops and livestock. PotatoesPotatoes first first cultivatedcultivated for food. for food.Date4000-2000 B.C.4000-2000 B.C. Biotechnology first used to Biotechnology first used to leavenleaven bread and bread and fermentferment beer, using yeast beer, using yeast (Egypt). (Egypt). Production of Production of cheesecheese and fermentation of and fermentation of winewine ( (SumeriaSumeria, China and Egypt). , China and Egypt). Babylonians control Babylonians control date palm breedingdate palm breeding by by selectively pollinating female trees with selectively pollinating female trees with pollen from certain male trees. pollen from certain male trees. Date500 B.C.500 B.C. FirstFirst antibioticantibiotic（抗生素）抗生素）: moldy soybean : moldy soybean curdscurds（臭豆腐）臭豆腐） used to treat boils used to treat boils (China)(China). .DateA.D. 100A.D. 100 First First insecticideinsecticide（生物杀虫剂）生物杀虫剂）: powdered : powdered chrysanthemums chrysanthemums (China)(China). .Date 13221322 An Arab chieftain first uses An Arab chieftain first uses artificial artificial inseminationinsemination to produce superior horses.to produce superior horses. 15901590 Janssen invents the Janssen invents the microscopemicroscope. .Date 16631663 HookeHooke discovers existence of discovers existence of the cellthe cellDateDate 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteriabacteriaDate 17611761 KoelreuterKoelreuter reports successful reports successful crossbreedingcrossbreeding of crop plants of crop plants in different in different speciesspecies. . 17971797 JennerJenner inoculatesinoculates a child with a viral a child with a viral vaccinevaccine to protect him from to protect him from smallpoxsmallpox. .Date 1830-1830-ProteinsProteins discovered. discovered. 1833-1833-First First enzymeenzyme discovered and discovered and isolated.isolated. 1835-1855 1835-1855 SchleidenSchleiden and and SchwannSchwann propose that all propose that all organisms are composed of cells, and organisms are composed of cells, and VirchowVirchow declares, declares, “Every cell arises “Every cell arises from a cell.“from a cell.“Date18571857 Pasteur proposes microbes cause fermentationPasteur proposes microbes cause fermentation Pasteur showed that microbes Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for are responsible for fermentation.fermentation. Fermentation is the Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of responsible for spoilage of food.food. Bacteria that use alcohol and Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).acid).DateOn the Origin of SpeciesOn the Origin of Species1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, establishing the Theory of establishing the Theory of Evolution and its mechanism, natural Evolution and its mechanism, natural selection, and challenging both the selection, and challenging both the accepted scientific and religious views accepted scientific and religious views of Western culture that had been of Western culture that had been taught for centuries.taught for centuries. The first edition sold out on the day it was published. The first edition sold out on the day it was published. Theologians quickly labeled Darwin Theologians quickly labeled Darwin “the most dangerous man in England“. “the most dangerous man in England“. Yet, after reading it, Darwins friend and colleague T. H. Yet, after reading it, Darwins friend and colleague T. H. Huxley had a different reaction:Huxley had a different reaction:“How extremely stupid not to have thought of that.“How extremely stupid not to have thought of that.“ QDate1865 The age of genetics begins1865 The age of genetics begins When Gregor Mendel, studying inherited traits of pea plants, outlines the basic the basic laws of hereditylaws of heredity that still hold true today for all organisms. Mendels discoveries about “heritable factors“ (genesgenes) are not recognized by other scientists for over 35 years.Date1870-18901870-1890 Using Darwins theory, plant breeders Using Darwins theory, plant breeders crossbreedcrossbreed cotton, cotton, developing hundreds of varieties with superior developing hundreds of varieties with superior qualities. qualities. Farmers first Farmers first inoculateinoculate fields with fields with nitrogen-fixing nitrogen-fixing bacteriabacteria to improve yields. to improve yields. William J