TranslationBasic theoriesContrastive study of two languagesTranslation skillsTranslation appreciation and criticismPracticenWhat is translation? (definition)nWhat is a good translation? (criteria)nNida:n Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. n许钧：n 翻译是以符号转换为手段 ，意义再生为任务的一项跨文 化的交际活动。E.g. nHe is suggestively silent.n他一声不吭，似有隐衷。nHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. n他居然种出了二百个神奇的西红柿， 每个重达两镑。 e.g.n1. 了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现 在有助于预知未来。n2. 她一想到那次交通事故，就双腿僵 硬，难以走路。n1. An acquaintance of the past is helpful to the acquaintance of the present, which is in turn helpful to the prediction of the future.n2. The thought of the traffic accident made her legs become stiffened under her and unable to walk.e.g.nOne of the most startling pieces of evidence that shows people are not in touch with whats really going on in their partnerships is the fact that the majority of people who file for divorce say they didnt think there was a relationship- threatening problem just six months prior to breaking up. n大多数申请离婚的人都说，就在感情 破裂的六个月前，他们都还没有感到 什么情感危机。这一令人惊讶的事实 表明人们对自己的婚姻状况还不甚了 解。 严复：信达雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似spiritual conformity, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original. 强调原作神韵再 现。钱钟书：化境sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness.鲁迅：宁信而不顺-rather to be faithful than smooth。 梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信-rather to be smooth than faithful鲁迅目的：引入英文句式的表达法 梁实秋目的：可读性强，便于交流。n信 faithfulness ?n达 expressiveness?n雅 elegance ?nEquivalence:n (1) semantic equivalencen (2) stylistic equivalenceSome Categories of Translation Criterian直译 vs 意译nLiteral translation vs Liberal translationn形似 vs 神似nFormal conformity vs Spiritual conformityn异化 vs 归化nForeignization vs Domestication nAdvantages and Disadvantages?Factors Influencing Your TranslationnYour competence and your temperament nContext (textual and cultural)nExpected readersReference Booksn陆谷孙 英语大词典上海译文出版社n吴光华 汉英大词典上海交通大学出版社n冯庆华 实用翻译教程上海外语教育出版社n陈宏薇 新实用汉译英教程湖北教育出版社n郭著章 英汉互译实用教程武汉大学出版社n刘宓庆 文体与翻译中国对外翻译出版公司n柯平 英汉与汉英翻译教程北京大学出版 社nChoice of word meaning part of speechContext CollocationStyle1.ChineseEnglish头 头 HeadHead头发次序为前事物残余部分面子、面貌One side of a coin tailIndividual personMove towards?Examplesn1.她正在梳头。n2.让我从头讲起吧。n3.这还是我头一次来杭州呢。n4.最近镇上来了几个有头有脸的人物 。n5.我们对待事情不能只顾一头。Examplesn1. The dinner cost us five dollars a head.n2. The lecture was above my head.n3. Heads or tails?n4. Lets discuss the question under five heads.n5. He headed straight for the bar.跑 run逃跑 run away跑腿儿 run errands 跑材料 run about collecting material跑生意 run businessExamplesn1.他十多岁就学会了杂耍，已经跑江湖数 十年了。n2. 你在公司里不过是个跑龙套的角色。n3. 车胎跑气了。Examplesnrun into / run down / run after / run against / run in / run out nrun a fever / run a car / run into debt / run a factory / run for presidency / run oil / run the risk of / run sb. into difficultiesExamplesn1. The idea runs in his mind.n2. The news runs rapidly in the town.n3. The machine runs well.n4. The street runs north.MannBe a man!nman and his wifenofficers and menSophisticatednsophisticated mannsophisticated womannsophisticated drivernsophisticated electronic devicensophisticated weapon To Choose a Word Meaning in a Wider Contextn1. Please tell me if you can help us.n2. Im sure Ill beat John this time.n3. We have no spring here.Exercisesn1. In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.n2. yet, as sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss 2. Extending the Word Meaning ( differences in CULTURE and WORD-FORMING)鸳鸯Referential meaningLinguistic meaningPragmatic meaning A kind of water fowlAlliteration single- morpheme wordAn affectionate couple2.1 Concrete Abstractn Theoretical Basis:n SL TLnculture image no culture image Examplesn鸡毛蒜皮n狗急跳墙n单枪匹马n生龙活虎n开门见山Examplesneat like a birdnlick sbs bootsnwalk on airnbreak the icen他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟 会出现这么多拦路虎。n这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插 一脚干嘛？nIll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I cant promise for sure.nHe is a rolling stone, I dont think he can lay up any money.nEveryone is for bread and butter in life.2.2 Abstract Concreten Theoretical Basis:n SL