Chapter 1The Origin of Chinese Culture文化词汇Confucian philosophy 儒家哲学 Confucius 孔子 Mencius 孟子the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 春秋战国时期The Art of War孙子兵法 porcelain 瓷器三皇五帝 Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns)Gregorian calendar/ solar calendar 格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历 lunar calendar 阴历the Twenty-four Solar Terms 二十四节气Chinese Zodiac 生肖Chinese Culture-Past and PresentChinese history began with two legendary figuresEmperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游） of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合） one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”. People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the “Middle Kingdom“(中国), thus giving China its country name.Traditional Chinese culture is recorded not only in history books and documents, but also in archeological records(考古记载), such as ancient city walls, palaces（宫殿）, temples（寺庙）, pagodas（宝塔）, and grottos（洞窟）; artifacts（史前古器物）, such as bronze objects, weapons, bronze mirrors, coins, jade and pottery objects, and curios; and folk culture, including song and dance, embroidery（刺绣）, cuisine（烹饪）, clothing, tea ceremonies, drinking games, lanterns, riddles, martial arts（武术）, chess and kites. With a continuous history of 5,000 years, it has undergone frequent transformations to produce a rich and vital cultural heritage.In the modern day, with the rise of western economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, Western systems of social and political organization have gained adherents in China. Indeed, within todays globalized environment, modern cultures interact and cooperate increasingly more with each other. Chinas culture of the future will most likely reflect this cross-cultural dimension. Thus, obtaining a solid understanding of Chinas culture of the past is necessary in order to successfully embrace all that the culture has to offer to the world.The Appellation of ChinaChina is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.The Alternative Names of ChinaChixian, Shenzhou(赤县、神州)Jiuzhou (九州)Hua ( 华)Huaxia(华夏)Zhonghua(中华)Hainei(海内)Chinese MythologyChinese Mythology is a collection of cultural history, folktales（民间故事）, and religions that have been passed down in oral or written form. Chinese mythology is similar to modern religion in that they both believe in relationships between mankind and a higher power.Historians have conjectured（推测） that Chinese mythology began in 12th century BC (close to the time of the Trojan War 特洛伊战争). The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years, before being written down in early book such as Shui Jing Zhu and Shan Hai Jing.The classification of myth 神话的分类神话的分类Creation myth 创世神话： Nvwa Created Man(女娲造人）Hero myth 英雄神话： Houyi Shooting the Sun(后羿射日)War myth 战争神话： Yellow Emperor Tackled Human-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)Cultural MosaicHeavenly Stems and Earthly BranchesThe standard Gregorian calendar is generally referred to as the solar calendar in China. The traditional Chinese lunar calendar, also known as the Jiazi calendar, counts the years in sixty-year cycles by combining two series of numbers-the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.The Twenty-four Solar TermsThe traditional Chinese lunar year is divided into twenty-four solar terms, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic in relationship to the earth. The solar terms designate agricultural periods, and can predict changing seasonal conditions, temperature, and weather throughout the course of the year. They are extremely important to agricultural production.Changes in the four seasons are determined by eight solar terms:立春( the Beginning of Spring),春分( the Spring Equinox ),立夏 (the Beginning of Summer ),夏至 (the Summer Solstice),立秋 (the Beginning of Autumn),秋分( the Autumnal Equinox),立冬( the Beginning of Winter),冬至 (the Winter Solstice )Changes in temperature are indicated by five solar terms:小暑 Slight Heat ,大暑 Great Heat ,处暑 the Limit of Heat ,小寒 Slight Cold ,大寒 Great Cold Changing weather conditions are indicated by seven solar terms:雨水 Rain Water ,谷雨 Grain Rain ,白露 White Dew ,寒露 Cold Dew,霜降 Frosts Descent ,小雪 Slight Snow ,大雪 Great Snow .Recurring natural phenomena are indicated by four solar terms:惊蛰 the Waking of Insects ,清明 Pure Brightness