沈阳航空工业学院毕业设计（外文翻译）1Production Systems DesignThe design of a production system starts with the design of the product to be manufactured. Figure 6. 1 describes a typical sequence of steps starting with a product design concept that culminates in a final product design for manufacture. Product engineers are those individuals in a manufacturing organization most familiar with the function of a product.and the customers changing needs relative to that product.Figure 6. 1 The design manufacturing Interface. Arts-Way Manufacturing is a manufacturer of farm machinery in Armstrong, Iowa. As soon as the beet harvesting season comes to an end at the end of summer, Arts Way product engineering and marketing personnel evaluate their most recent harvester design successes and any unique conditions or problems that affected the performance of their equipment. Theres nothing like a harvest to bring to light the strengths and weaknesses of a harvester design. As soon as the harvester performance information is collected and evaluated and customer and dealer Inputs have been reviewed. it is likely that design 沈阳航空工业学院毕业设计（外文翻译）2improvements and related engineering tests will begin immediately for an improved harvester product to be available for next summer. The more mature is the design. the fewer design changes that will likely be developed during the next improvement cycle. This is the kind of interest a small manufacturer has in its products that no amount of central planning in the Soviet economy could have ever successfully duplicated, The Russians should talk to the people in Armstrong, Iuwa, and watch them analyze, design. And make harvesters if they want to learn how to make farm machinery the American way. If all goes well, the nine months between harvests will provide sufficient time to make the desired engineering tests,and to add design improvements needed before the release of material requisitions, so that next years improved harvesters will he ready in time, It is not uncommon that, as the time approaches to make material releases for the improved designs, product engineering will beg for more time to run one more test. A saying in the. Architectural and Engineering (A&E) business often applies in this situation: “Sooner or later you have to shoot the engineer and build the building.“ The best compromise often is for some product improvements to wait for next years product design. It will be noted in reviewing Figure 6. 1 that much of the shove effort lies in interactions between product engineering, manufacturing engineering, and production. The manufacture of a new design is always a process of discovery. In Frederick W. Taylors days, the new design for a machine element might be a line drawn on the molding shop floor, which the master mold maker would then use to produce a stronger machine element for the next test of. the machine. When the stronger part was molded. It would be Installed on the machine, the machine would run for some seconds, minuites, or hours. And would fail again, often in a different place, and the process would be repeated. Ultimately, a machine design would evolve that would produce a machine that would run all the time. These machines were sold to customers. With todays perfected engineering knowledge it is much more likely that the design will perform as designed, if not the first time. with far fewer prototype redesigns. Expert systems and Taguchi methods, both to be discussed later in this text. Provide the means for doing a much better job today of optimizing both the product design in its underlying function and identifying the best means of manufacture for producing a highquality. Reliable, and cost effective product. Computer-Aided Drafting and design (CADD) Whereas design may have been accomplished with a stick on the molding shop floor in Tailors time, CAD/CAE/CAM (computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering ,computer-aided manufacturing) is becoming the preferred means today for producing designs. Most people think of CADD (computer-aided drafting and design) as simply electronic drafting, which greatly understates the computer revolution associated with the tasks implied in Figure 6. 1. The following excerpt from a paper by Floyd concerning the use of CADD in the automotive industry provides some insight as to the overall comprehensiveness of the computer revolution in engineered product design today. CAD/CAE/CAM for the Automotive Industry Bryan Floyd Executive Manager Mechanical Design/Engigneering/Manunfacturing. Intergraph Corp沈阳航空工业学院毕业设计（外文翻译）3Fully integrated design, engineering, and manufacturing. Automotive manufacturing is a complex business that integrates the efforts of many departments and disciplines. Tools that promote the integration of design, engineering, and manufacturing processes yield the greatest productivity benefits. Intergraph offers automakers the master model Concept a single Inte